The mkdir command is used to create a new directory in the Linux/Unix operating system. It is also used to create more than one directory at a time and set the permission for the directories just like the chmod command in the Linux system.SyntaxThe general syntax of the mkdir command is as follows −$ mkdir [OPTION]... [DIRECTORIES]...Brief description of options available in the mkdir command.Sr.No.Option & Description1-m, --mode=MODESet the mode of file as the time of directory creation just like the chmod command2-p, --parentsNo message prompt if existing and make parent directories as needed3-v, --verbosePrint what is being done4-ZBy default, ... Read More

In this article, we will learn to copy a file or directory in the Linux/Unix operating system using terminal, we use the cp command to copy a file or directory in the Linux system.cp (copy) - The cp command is used to copy files or directories in the Linux system. If we want to copy a file from a source directory and paste it into another destination directory then we have to use the cp command. By default, the cp command will not copy directories to copy directories we have to use -R option with cp command otherwise error will be ... Read More

While working with files, sometimes a situation occurs that a file contains many tabs and the requirement is a file in which no tabs but with space. In this case, if a file is quite simple then work is easy but if we are dealing with a long file then it’s very tough work.To convert tabs to spaces, we use the expand command in the Linux system. If file is not given then the expand command read standard input.SyntaxThe general syntax of the expand command as follows −expand [OPTION]... [FILE]...Brief description of options available in the expand command.Sr.No.Option & Description1-i, ... Read More

To compare two sorted files, we use the comm command in the Linux system.The comm command is used to compare two sorted files line by line and writes three columns to standard output. The first two columns contain lines unique to the first and the second file and the last column contains lines common to both. Columns are distinguished with the tab. The functionality of the comm command is similar to the diff command.SyntaxThe general syntax of the comm command is as follows −comm [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2Brief description of options available in the comm command.Sr.No.Option & Description1-1Suppress first column (lines ... Read More

In the Linux/Unix system to check storage details, we use the df command.df (disk free) command the df command is used to report file system disk space usage using the terminal in the Linux system. It displays total space, used space, and available space.SyntaxThe general syntax of the df command is as follow:$ df [OPTION]... [FILE]...Brief description of options available in the df command.Sr.No.Option & Description1-a, --allInclude duplicate, pseudo, inaccessible file systems2-B, --block-size=SIZEScale sizes before printing3-h, --human-readableDisplay sizes in powers of 10244-H, --siDisplay sizes in powers of 10005-l, --localLimit listing to local file systems6--no-syncDon’t synchronize before getting usage info7--syncSynchronize before getting ... Read More

To change the shell working directory, we use the cd command in the Linux system.cd (change directory) The cd command used to change the current working directory in the Linux/Unix operating system. In the Windows operating system for the same purpose the cd or chdir command available. The cd command also available in the EFI shell (Extensible Firmware Shell). By default, the current shell working directory is home directory.SyntaxThe general syntax of the cd command is as follows −cd [-L| [-P [-e]] [-@]] [directory]A brief description of options available in the cd command.Sr.No.Option & Description1-LForce soft links to as followedResolve symbolic ... Read More

To change the file owner and group, we use the chown command in the Linux operating system.We know that Linux is a multiuser operating system so every file or directory belongs to an owner and group.To change ownership of files or directories we use chown command in the Linux system. This command is also available in the IBM i operating system. The chgrp command is also used to change only the group ownership of the file in the Linux system.SyntaxThe general syntax of the chown command is as followschown [OPTION]... [OWNER] [: [GROUP]] FILE... chown [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...A brief description ... Read More

We know that the Linux/Unix is a multiuser operating system files and directories are associated with permission so that only authorized users can access the files.The chmod command is used to change the access permission of files or directories.SyntaxThe general syntax of the chmod command is as follows −chmod [OPTION]... [Mode]... [File]...Syntax of chmod command is as followed, it contains some three parameters that will help to set or change the permission of the file.We will discuss each parameter in detail so that you can have a better idea of using the chmod command.A brief description of options available in ... Read More

ATM is a connection-oriented network at a point where the sender or user which access devices are known as end-point, these end-points connected through a user to network interface (UNI) to the switches on the network, these switches provide a network to network interface (NNI).The architecture of the ATM is shown in the figure below.ATM transfers the information through a transmission path which is made up of a logical virtual path and virtual channel. The transmission path consists of the physical cable, which is connected to an ATM switch. The cables have a transfer speed of up to 155 megabits ... Read More

An ultimate form of multiplexing used in parts of the cellular telephone system and for some satellite communication is called Code Division Multiplexing (CDM). The specific version of CDM used in cell phones is called Code Division Multi-Access (CDMA).CDM does not rely on physical properties, including frequency or time. It can depend on an interesting numerical idea such as values from orthogonal vector spaces can be merged and separated without interference. The specific form used in the telephone network is the easiest to learn. Each sender is created a unique binary code Ci that is called chip sequence.Chip sequences are ... Read More