C++ Articles - Page 712 of 719

The conditional operator (? :) is a ternary operator (it takes three operands). The conditional operator works as follows −The first operand is implicitly converted to bool. It is evaluated and all side effects are completed before continuing.If the first operand evaluates to true (1), the second operand is evaluated.If the first operand evaluates to false (0), the third operand is evaluated.The result of the conditional operator is the result of whichever operand is evaluated — the second or the third. Only one of the last two operands is evaluated in a conditional expression. The evaluation of the conditional operator ... Read More

C++ is a programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features. It is a superset of C, and that virtually any legal C program is a legal C++ program. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. It is a language that is −Statically typed − A programming language is said to use static typing when type checking is performed during compile-time as opposed to run-time.Compiled − A compiled ... Read More

The compound assignment operators are specified in the form e1 op= e2, where e1 is a modifiable l-value not of const type and e2 is one of the following −An arithmetic typeA pointer, if op is + or –The e1 op= e2 form behaves as e1 = e1 op e2, but e1 is evaluated only once.The following are the compound assignment operators in C++ −OperatorsDescription*=Multiply the value of the first operand by the value of the second operand; store the result in the object specified by the first operand./=Divide the value of the first operand by the value of the ... Read More

C++ has 5 basic arithmetic operators. They are −Addition(+)Subtraction(-)Division(/)Multiplication(*)Modulo(%)These operators can operate on any arithmetic operations in C++. Let's have a look at an example −Example#include using namespace std; main() {    int a = 21;    int b = 10;    int c ;    c = a + b;    cout

cin is an object of the input stream and is used to take input from input streams like files, console, etc. cout is an object of the output stream that is used to show output. Basically, cin is an input statement while cout is an output statement.They also use different operators. cin uses the insertion operator( >> ) while cout uses the extraction operator( >), which helps to extract the input from the cin and stores it in a variable. It automatically skips the whitespaces (spaces, tabs, newlines) until a special method like getline() is used. Syntax Here is the ... Read More

&& is a new reference operator defined in the C++11 standard. int&& a means "a" is an r-value reference. && is normally only used to declare a parameter of a function. And it only takes an r-value expression.Simply put, an r-value is a value that doesn't have a memory address. E.g., the number 6 and character 'v' are both r-values. int a, a is an l-value, however, (a+2) is an r-value. Example #include using namespace std; void foo(int&& a) { cout

There is a big distinction between the suffix and prefix versions of ++. In this article, we will see the differences between them and will go through it's examples. Prefix version (++i) In the prefix version (i.e., ++i), the value of i first increments, and then the value of the expression becomes the new value of i. So basically it first increments and then assigns a value to the expression. Postfix version (i++) In the postfix version (i.e., i++), the value of I first increments, but the value ... Read More

cout is an object of the stdout stream, while cerr is an object of the stderr stream.stdout and stderr are different streams, even though they both refer to console output by default. Redirecting (piping) one of them (e.g., program.exe >out.txt) would not affect the other. These are both provided by the library in C++. In this article, we will learn the difference between these two output streams in more detail. Character Output Stream (cout) The character output stream is used to display the data or information to the console (standard output device, basically the screen), like printing messages, results, ... Read More

A friend function of a class is defined outside that class' scope but it has the right to access all private and protected members of the class. Even though the prototypes for friend functions appear in the class definition, friends are not member functions.A friend can be a function, function template, or member function, or a class or class template, in which case the entire class and all of its members are friends.To declare a function as a friend of a class, precede the function prototype in the class definition with keyword friend as follows −class Box {    double ... Read More

cerr and clog are both objects of the stderr(standard error) stream, which is used to display error messages or diagnostics. In this article, we will learn the difference between these two in more detail. Further, the description of the cout object is also given to get a clearer picture. Unbuffered standard error stream (cerr) The cerr is the standard error stream, which is used to output the errors. This is also an instance of the ostream (as iostream means input/output stream) class. As cerr is unbuffered, therefore it's used when we need to display the error message instantly. It doesn't ... Read More