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Exception handling in Java has undergone several enhancements over the years, with each version introducing new features to make error handling more robust, easier to use, and more efficient. This article provides a comprehensive overview of these improvements, focusing on the crucial enhancements introduced in each version. It serves as a one-stop guide to understand the evolution of exception handling in Java and highlights how to best utilize these features in modern programming. Java 1.0 The Foundations of Exception Handling The concept of exception handling was introduced in the very first version of Java. This initial implementation allowed developers ... Read More
Java, with its robust object-oriented programming features, offers a multitude of mechanisms for programmers to develop flexible and efficient code. One such concept, often overlooked but critically important, is variance. Understanding variance is crucial for mastering Java, especially when working with generics and collections. This article provides an in-depth exploration of variance in Java, covering its types - covariance, contravariance, and invariance - and their practical applications. Understanding Variance Variance refers to how subtyping between more complex types relates to subtyping between their components. In simpler terms, it determines how the type hierarchy of classes is preserved when these classes ... Read More
In the world of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), polymorphism and overriding are key concepts that lend flexibility and dynamism to programming languages. Java, being a robust OOP language, fully supports these features. However, it's crucial to understand that these characteristics apply to methods in Java and not to variables. In this article, we will explore why variables in Java do not follow polymorphism and overriding, providing a deeper understanding of Java's variable behavior. Polymorphism in Java Polymorphism, a Greek word meaning "many forms, " is a fundamental concept of OOP. It allows objects of different types to be treated as objects ... Read More
Java is a statically-typed language known for its verbosity and strict type checking. However, with the release of Java 10, a new feature called Local-Variable Type Inference was introduced, bringing the var keyword to the language and changing the way Java developers code. This article will explore the var keyword, illustrating its use cases and discussing its implications for Java coding practices. Understanding 'var' in Java In Java, traditionally, we needed to explicitly declare the type of every variable we created. With the introduction of var in Java 10, this has changed. The var keyword allows you to declare ... Read More
Data validation is a critical component of any application development. It ensures that only high-quality data that adheres to predefined standards gets processed. Spring Boot, a renowned framework in the Java ecosystem, offers robust and straightforward validation methods that developers can leverage. This article provides a comprehensive look at how validation is conducted in Spring Boot applications, enabling you to implement these essential techniques effectively. Importance of Data Validation in Spring Boot In Spring Boot, as with any application, data validation is paramount. It involves ensuring that the data received aligns with certain criteria before it's processed. Examples of validation ... Read More
Finding duplicate elements in a stream of data is one of the common questions that is asked in Java interviews and even in the exams of many students. Java provides several ways to find duplicate elements, we will focus mainly on two ways: the first one is by using Set of Java Collection Framework and the other one is by using the built-in method of stream named Collections.frequency(). Java Program to find duplicate elements in a Stream Before discussing the different ways to get duplicate items from a collection of data, it is necessary to ... Read More
In Java, the main() method is the entry point from where the JVM begins program execution. If you've written a Java program, you're likely familiar with the traditional main() signature: public static void main(String[] args). However, did you know that there are several valid variants of the main() method in Java? This article delves into the versatility of main() in Java, showcasing its multiple valid formats and explaining their intricacies. The Canonical Main() Method Before delving into its public static void main(String[] args) In this format, public denotes that the method can be accessed from anywhere; static ... Read More
Exception handling is a fundamental aspect of Java programming that enhances the robustness of applications and promotes a seamless user experience. Key to this is understanding how to effectively use the throw, catch, and instanceof keywords to manipulate exceptions in Java. In this article, we will delve into the usage of these three mechanisms and illustrate how they collaboratively handle exceptions in Java. Understanding Exceptions in Java In Java, an exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of a program. It's an object which is thrown by a method and caught by another method. The Java system itself ... Read More
LinkedHashSet is a class of Java Collection Framework that implements the Set interface and extends the HashSet class. It is a linked list type of collection class. It stores and returns the objects in the order in which they were inserted, therefore it does not allow duplicate objects. In this article, we will use the built-in method 'contains()'' to find user-defined objects from LinkedHashSet. The user-defined objects are created with the help of constructors. Java Program to get User-Defined Objects from LinkedHashSet Let's have a brief introduction of two important in-built methods that we will use in our ... Read More
Code introspection is a crucial technique that empowers programmers to scrutinize code, comprehend its structure and behavior, and debug it effectively. It proves particularly useful in large−scale software development. Python, a popular programming language, provides an extensive range of tools for code introspection that simplify the process of understanding and enhancing code quality. In Python, code introspection allows programmers to examine the code while it is running. It provides the ability to scrutinize code attributes and functionalities during runtime. This technique proves to be invaluable when debugging code, as it enables programmers to understand precisely what the code is doing ... Read More