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Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
How to Find Apache Document Root in Linux?
Apache Document Root is the folder where all files accessible via the web server are stored. It serves as the main directory containing HTML, CSS, PHP, JavaScript, and other web files. When a user requests a website, Apache searches for the requested resource in this document root directory and sends the file content back to the browser. Understanding how to locate the document root is essential for system administrators and developers who need to configure, troubleshoot, or manage Apache servers effectively. Importance of Finding Apache Document Root Knowing the Apache document root location provides several key benefits ...
Read MoreHow to Develop Own Custom Linux Distribution From Scratch?
Linux is an open-source operating system that is widely used by developers, system administrators, and individuals who prefer a non-proprietary operating system. A Linux distribution, often simply called a "distro, " is a customized version of the Linux operating system that includes different software packages and configurations to fit specific needs. There are hundreds of Linux distributions available, ranging from popular ones like Ubuntu and Fedora to specialized ones like Kali Linux for cybersecurity professionals. Creating your own custom Linux distribution allows you to tailor the operating system to your exact requirements, removing unnecessary components and adding specialized tools. ...
Read MoreHow to change the file owner and group in Linux?
To change the file owner and group, we use the chown command in the Linux operating system. Linux is a multiuser operating system where every file and directory belongs to an owner and group. The chown command allows administrators to transfer ownership and group membership of files and directories. Syntax The general syntax of the chown command is as follows − chown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... chown [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Common Options Option Description -c, --changes Gives a diagnosis for all files that actually changed ...
Read MoreUser View vs System View in Operating System
An operating system is a construct that allows user application programs to interact with the system hardware. Operating system by itself does not provide any function but it provides an atmosphere in which different applications and programs can do useful work. The operating system can be observed from two distinct perspectives − the user view and the system view. Each perspective focuses on different aspects and priorities of the operating system's functionality. Operating System Perspectives User View Focus: Ease of Use ...
Read MoreUnderstanding Stale file handles in Linux
In this article, we will discuss the concept of stale file handles in Linux and how to understand and resolve them. We'll explore the relationship between file handles, inodes, and the filesystem to understand why stale file handles occur and how to fix them. The examples in this tutorial have been tested on Debian 10.10 (Buster) with GNU Bash 5.0.3. The concepts are POSIX-compliant and apply to most Unix-like systems. What are File Handles? A file handle (or file descriptor) is an integer value that represents a reference to an open file. The operating system maintains a ...
Read More20 Useful Commands of 'Sysstat' Utilities for Linux Performance Monitoring
In the world of Linux system administration, performance monitoring is a critical task for maintaining optimal system health. The Sysstat utilities are among the most powerful and widely-used tools for this purpose. This comprehensive collection provides detailed insights into CPU utilization, memory usage, disk activity, network statistics, and much more. In this article, we will explore 20 essential commands from the Sysstat utilities suite that every Linux administrator should master for effective performance monitoring. Installation of Sysstat Utilities Before exploring the commands, you'll need to install the Sysstat package. While most modern Linux distributions include it by ...
Read MoreFile Access Method
File access methods define how data is accessed and modified within a file. There are different file access methods, each with its own set of strengths and limitations. The four primary file access methods are sequential access, random access, direct access, and indexed access. Understanding the differences between each method is important for effective data management and choosing the right approach for specific applications. What is File Access Method A file access method is a way of accessing and manipulating data stored in a file. It determines how data is read from and written to computer storage devices. ...
Read MoreHow to Enable HTTP2.0 in Nginx?
HTTP/2 is the latest version of the HTTP protocol, designed to improve website performance and security. Nginx is a popular web server that supports HTTP/2. If you're using Nginx and want to enable HTTP/2 for your website, this article will guide you through the process. Prerequisites Before enabling HTTP/2, ensure your system meets these requirements: Nginx version 1.9.5 or later OpenSSL 1.0.2 or later for ALPN support Valid SSL/TLS certificate Step 1: Check Nginx Version First, verify your Nginx version supports HTTP/2: nginx -v If your version is older ...
Read MoreHow to Disable “su” Access for Sudo Users?
System security requires careful management of root access, especially in multi-user environments. The su command allows users to switch accounts and potentially gain root privileges, which can pose security risks when combined with sudo access. This guide explains how to disable su access for sudo users to enhance system security. Understanding Sudo and Su Commands The sudo command allows authorized users to execute administrative tasks with elevated privileges by entering their own password rather than the root password. It provides controlled, temporary access to root-level functions while maintaining an audit trail of executed commands. The su command ...
Read MoreHow to change the shell working directory in Linux?
To change the shell working directory, we use the cd command in the Linux system. The cd (change directory) command is one of the most fundamental navigation commands that allows users to move between different directories in the filesystem. cd (change directory) The cd command is used to change the current working directory in Linux/Unix operating systems. It is equivalent to the cd or chdir command in Windows. The command is also available in the EFI shell (Extensible Firmware Shell). By default, when you open a new terminal session, the current working directory is set to your home ...
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