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Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) is an analog method which is used when the channel's bandwidth is higher than the consolidated bandwidths of the signals which are to be broadcasted.In FDM, different frequencies are combined into a single composite signal and are transmitted on the channel. At the receiver end, the reverse phase is applied to get the individual frequencies back for working. The entire bandwidth of the channel is divided into logical channels, and each sending device is given with the possession of a logical channel.There is a gap between the frequencies of adjoining channels to avoid one channel's frequency with ... Read More
In this section we will see what is a graph data structure, and the traversal algorithms of it.The graph is one non-linear data structure. That is consists of some nodes and their connected edges. The edges may be director or undirected. This graph can be represented as G(V, E). The following graph can be represented as G({A, B, C, D, E}, {(A, B), (B, D), (D, E), (B, C), (C, A)})The graph has two types of traversal algorithms. These are called the Breadth First Search and Depth First Search.Breadth First Search (BFS)The Breadth First Search (BFS) traversal is an algorithm, ... Read More
The Data Link layer is located between physical and network layers. It provides services to the Network layer and it receives services from the physical layer. The scope of the data link layer is node-to-node.The following are the design issues in the Data Link Layer −The services that are provided to the Network layer.FramingError controlFlow controlServices to the Network LayerIn OSI each layer uses the services of the bottom layer and provides services to the above layer. The main function of this layer is to provide a well defined service interface over the network layer.Types of ServicesThe services are of ... Read More
Another important function of the Lua’s string library is the string.sub() function. The string.sub() function is used to extract a piece of the string.The string.sub() function takes three arguments in general, the first argument being the name of the string from which we want to extract a piece, the second argument is the i-th index or say, the starting index of the string piece that we want, and the third and the last argument is the j-th index of the last index of the string piece we want.It should be noted that both the starting index and the ending index, ... Read More
Multiprogramming OS is an ability of an operating system that executes more than one program using a single processor machine.More than one task or program or jobs are present inside the main memory at one point of time.Buffering and spooling can overlap I/O and CPU tasks to improve the system performance but it has some limitations that a single user cannot always keep CPU or I/O busy all the time.To increase resource utilization, multiprogramming approaches.Operating SystemJob1Job2---Job NEmpty spaceThe OS could pick and start the execution of one of the jobs in memory, whenever the jobs does not need CPU that ... Read More
nPr is known as n permutation r, where n represents the total numbers and r represents the arrangement of the elements. A permutation is known as the arrangement of elements in a specified order. Elements can arrange either in a sequence or in a linear order, for example, we have a set of elements [2, 4], so the permutation is: [4, 2], [2, 4]. In permutation the order of elements matters whereas in combination the order of the elements does not matters. We can calculate the value of nPr with the help of the following formula: Formula nPr = ... Read More
Minimum removals required such that a given string consists only of a pair of alternating characters is a common problem in computer science and is encountered frequently in applications involving string manipulation. In this tutorial, we will solve this problem using the C++ programming language. We will begin by explaining the problem statement in detail and discussing its importance in various real-world applications. Then, we will provide a step-by-step algorithm to solve this problem and demonstrate its implementation in C++. Finally, we will conclude with some insights into the time and space complexity of our solution ... Read More
The minimum number of replacements done of the substring “01” with “110” to remove it completely is a common problem in string manipulation and optimization. In this tutorial, we delve into this problem and present an efficient solution using C++. The problem entails finding the minimum number of replacements required to transform a binary string by replacing all occurrences of the substring "01" with "110" while ensuring that the resulting string does not contain the substring "10". We provide a detailed explanation of the problem statement, present an algorithmic approach to solve it, and offer a ... Read More
Finding the minimum distance between duplicates in a string is a frequently encountered problem in computer science. It involves finding the smallest distance between any two identical characters in a given string. For example, in the string "minimum distance, " the minimum distance between the two 'i's is two, as they occur at positions 1 and 3, respectively. This problem can be solved using different programming languages, including C++. In this tutorial, we will learn a C++ algorithm with implementation to efficiently solve this problem. So let's get into this and learn something new and exciting! Problem ... Read More
The maximum score possible by removing substrings made up of a single distinct character is a well-known problem in the field of computer science and algorithm design. The problem statement involves finding the optimal solution to remove all the contiguous substrings from a binary string that contains only one type of character and score points for every removed substring of length K, where K can vary for each substring. This problem has various real-life applications, including text analysis and compression. In this tutorial, we will provide a solution to this problem using C++, and explain the logic behind ... Read More