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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
How to display central limit theorem using uniform random variable in R?
The central limit theorem says that as the sample size increases the distribution of the sample means approaches normal distribution. Therefore, irrespective of the actual population distribution if we take samples of larger size and find the mean of these samples then the distribution of these sample means will be approximately normal. We can display this in R, by creating the histogram of such type of means.Example1> x y
Read MoreHow to create a plot in base R with mixed font of plot title such as default and italics?
We sometimes want to highlight the main title of a plot and one of the ways to do it is changing the font of the title to a unique or using a mixed font for the title. If we want to used mixed font then we need to use the appropriate font style for the title inside as shown in the below examples.Example1> plot(rpois(10,5),main=substitute(paste(italic("Point Chart"),": Poisson Distribution")))Output:Example2> plot(rpois(10,2),main=substitute(paste(bold("Point Chart"),": Poisson Distribution")))Output:
Read MoreHow to create bitmap display in R?
The X Window System is a windowing system for bitmap displays. In R, we can create this graphical display by simply typing x11 in the R console and the graphic interface will pop-up on the right-hand side. We can change the width and height of this display by using the arguments width and height inside x11 call. There are many other arguments of x11 that helps us to change the aesthetic property of the bitmap display. The description of those arguments is as written below:Displaythe display on which the graphics window will appear. The default is to use the value ...
Read MoreHow to create a boxplot in base R without any axes except Y?
The boxplot function in base R helps us to create the boxplot without any hustle but this plot is covered with a square bracket and also takes the Y-axis labels on left-hand side. We can get rid of this square bracket without making an impact on the Y-axis labels. For this purpose, we need to use frame.plot = FALSE argument inside the boxplot function.Example1> x boxplot(x,frame.plot=FALSE)Output:Example2> y boxplot(y,frame.plot=FALSE)Output:Example3> z boxplot(z,frame.plot=FALSE)Output:
Read MoreHow to extract variables of an S4 object in R?
Suppose we want to create an S4 with defined name data and two numerical columns called by x and y then we can use setClass("data", representation(x1="numeric", x2="numeric")). Now, if we want to extract the variables of this S4 object then we would need to use @ sign instead of $ sign as in a data frame.Example1> setClass("data1", representation(x1="numeric", x2="numeric")) > data1 data1OutputAn object of class "data1" Slot "x1": [1] -0.586187627 0.853689097 -0.602612795 -2.194235741 -1.318522292 [6] -0.984882420 0.273584140 0.364691611 1.025472248 1.198547297 [11] -0.709282551 -0.001441127 -0.201348012 1.296811172 1.520093861 [16] 2.071031215 0.472877022 0.616211695 0.642165615 -0.122773000 Slot "x2": [1] 0.38902289 0.20631450 0.02105516 0.24891420 ...
Read MoreHow to concatenate two JavaScript objects with plain JavaScript ?
Suppose we have two objects defined like this −const obj1 = { id1: 21, name1: "Kailash" }; const obj2 = { id2: 20, name2: "Shankar" };We are required to write a JavaScript function that takes in two such objects and merges into a single object.In other words, we are required to more or less implement the functionality of Object.assign() function.ExampleThe code for this will be −const obj1 = { id1: 21, name1: "Kailash" }; const obj2 = { id2: 20, name2: "Shankar" }; const concatObjects = (...sources) => { const target ...
Read MoreHow to display star/asterisk sign (*) inside a base R plot?
To display characters inside a base R plot we can simply use text function with expression and if we want to display an asterisk then we need to put the asterisk within double quotes. For example, if we want to display three stars then only expression(paste("***"))) should be used. Check out the below examples to understand how it works.Example1> plot(1:10,type="n") > text(8,9,expression(paste(Sig.^"***")))OutputExample2> plot(1:10,type="n") > text(5,6,expression(paste(Less_Sig.^"**")))OutputExample3> plot(1:10,type="n") > text(2,3,expression(paste(Very_Less_Sig.^"**")))Output
Read MoreHow to make the axes widths in a plot wider than default in base R?
The axes widths are generally very thin in plots but we can make them wider. This will be useful if we want to highlight the axes labels for reasons such as getting attention of the viewer on axes labels etc. To increase the width of the axes in a base R plot, we can use axis function and set the lwd argument.Example> x hist(x) > axis(side=1,lwd=4)Output:Example> axis(side=2,lwd=4)Output:
Read MoreHow to remove border of bars from histogram in base R?
By default, a histogram drawn in base R has black color borders around bars. We might want to remove these black borders to make the histogram visually smooth. This can be done by using lty argument with the hist function. For example, if we have a vector x and we want to create a histogram of x without border of bars then we can use the argument as hist(x,lty="blank").Example> x hist(x)Output:Creating histogram of x without border of bars:Example> hist(x,lty="blank")Output:
Read MoreHow to create an S4 object in R?
To create an S4 object, we can use setClass function where we will pass the object name, column names, and the type of the data that will be stored in the columns. For example, if we want to create an S4 with name data and two numerical columns called by x and y then we can use setClass("data", representation(x1="numeric", x2="numeric")).Example1> setClass("data1", representation(x1="numeric", x2="numeric")) > data1 data1OutputAn object of class "data1" Slot "x1": [1] -0.586187627 0.853689097 -0.602612795 -2.194235741 -1.318522292 [6] -0.984882420 0.273584140 0.364691611 1.025472248 1.198547297 [11] -0.709282551 -0.001441127 -0.201348012 1.296811172 1.520093861 [16] 2.071031215 0.472877022 0.616211695 0.642165615 -0.122773000 Slot "x2": [1] ...
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