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Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is a network protocol for carrier transmission that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. It senses or listens whether the shared channel for transmission is busy or not, and defers transmissions until the channel is free.When more than one stations send their frames simultaneously, collision occurs. Back-off algorithm is a collision resolution mechanism which is commonly used to schedule retransmissions after collisions in Ethernet. The waiting time that a station waits before attempting retransmission of the frame is called as back off time.Algorithm of CSMA/CDStep 1) When a frame is ... Read More
The volatile modifier indicates the JVM that the thread accessing a volatile variable should get data always from the memory. i.e. a thread should not cache the volatile variable.Accessing a volatile variable synchronizes all the cached copied of the variables in the main memory. Volatile can only be applied to instance variables, which are of type object or private. A volatile object reference can be null.Examplepublic class MyRunnable implements Runnable { private volatile boolean active; public void run() { active = true; while (active) { // line 1 ... Read More
Selenium or known as RC (Remote Control) and Web Driver differ in many aspects but the key difference comes in the implementation layer or in simple words the architecture of both of them.As name suggest, RC is a Remote Control which works by taking the remote of the browser and then injects the automation code to be tested by injecting the custom scripts written.The Web Driver (known as Selenium 2) works on the browser directly and uses browsers in-built features to trigger the automation test written by tester. Web driver is the successor of Remote Control.The architecture of Selenium Web ... Read More
Automation − It is the technique to run the test cases without human intervention. If we are sticking to the IT industry, Automation is not just confined to Automation of test scripts. Automation is the basic control system in which human intervention is expected the least. Various many tasks such as Data Migration, Decision making for AI, deploying the code automatically in the latest builds for testing etc.Goals −The ultimate goal of Automation is to re-run the regression flows without intervention of manual tester. Initializing some amount of human effort is required to design the scripts. But the end result ... Read More
Maven is Yiddish Word which means Accumulator of Knowledge. Maven is a tool which is used for building and managing Java Based Projects. Basically to put it in simple words is a way to manage dependency for Java Based Project. Maven can be used when building project with POM (Page Object Model) when working on big projects.Below are the objectives which can be achieved with maven −Easier and Uniform build process.Providing quality project informationEasy DocmentationBest practices developmentManage the dependenciesLets understand them one by oneEasier and Unfirom Build Process −Maven provides pom.xml configuration files where all information such as construction directory, ... Read More
Array is a container which can hold a fix number of entities, which are of the of the same type. Each entity of an array is known as element and, the position of each element is indicated by an integer (starting from 0) value known as index.Exampleimport java.util.Arrays; public class ArrayExample { public static void main(String args[]) { Number integerArray[] = new Integer[3]; integerArray[0] = 25; integerArray[1] = 32; integerArray[2] = 56; System.out.println(Arrays.toString(integerArray)); } }Output[25, 32, 56]Arrays are two types −Single dimensional arrays: Normal ... Read More
A JTable is a subclass of JComponent class for displaying complex data structures. A JTable component can follow the Model View Controller (MVC) design pattern for displaying the data in rows and columns. A JTable can generate TableModelListener, TableColumnModelListener, ListSelectionListener, CellEditorListener and RowSorterListener interfaces. We can remove a selected row from a JTable using the removeRow() method of the DefaultTableModel class.Syntaxpublic void removeRow(int row)Exampleimport java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.table.*; public class RemoveSelectedRowTest extends JFrame { private JTable table; private DefaultTableModel model; private Object[][] data; private String[] columnNames; private JButton button; public RemoveSelectedRowTest() { setTitle("RemoveSelectedRow ... Read More
Selenium started with version 1 and now version 3 is the currently the latest released version available in the market. Let’s has a comparative study of the different features of each of the version.Selenium 1 or RC: As name suggest, RC is a Remote Control which works by taking the remote of the browser and then injects the automation code to be tested by injecting the custom scripts written.Selenium 2 or Web driver: The Web Driver (known as Selenium 2) works on the browser directly and uses browsers in-built features to trigger the automation test written by tester. Web driver ... Read More
ModulationModulation is the process of transforming a carrier signal so that it can carry the information of a message signal. It superimposes the contents of the message signal over a high-frequency carrier signal, which is then transmitted over communication channels.Modulation can be of two types −Analog ModulationDigital ModulationAnalog ModulationHere, the analog information signal is transformed to the analog carrier signal so that it can travel large distances without substantial loss.Analog modulation can be of three types −Amplitude ModulationFrequency ModulationPhase ModulationDigital ModulationDigital modulation is the process of converting a digital bit stream into an analog carrier wave for transmission via a ... Read More
There is a connected graph G(V, E) and the weight or cost for every edge is given. Prim’s Algorithm will find the minimum spanning tree from the graph G.It is growing tree approach. This algorithm needs a seed value to start the tree. The seed vertex is grown to form the whole tree.The problem will be solved using two sets. One set holds the nodes that are already selected, and another set holds the item that are not considered yet. From the seed vertex, it takes adjacent vertices, based on minimum edge cost, thus it grows the tree by taking ... Read More