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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
How to add custom messages to TestNG failure?
TestNG supports a lot of assertions. It has the org.testng.Assert class, which extends the Java object class java.lang.object. Whenever there is a failure, the user wants to get a customized failure message so that the root-cause analysis could be easy. TestNG supports assertion with customized failure message. However, message is completely optional.The syntax is −Assert.(expected, actual, message)If the user doesn't provide a message, TestNG prints a default error message; but if the user sets a message, then TestNG throws the error along with the customized message set by the user.In this article, we will see how to set a custom ...
Read MoreHow to retrieve test method name in TestNG before and after execution?
TestNG supports native dependency injection. It allows to declare additional parameters in methods. At runtime, TestNG automatically fills these parameters with the correct values. Here is a set of native dependencies in TestNG:ITestContextXmlTestMethodITestResultThese dependencies help to retrieve the Test method name. A Test method name can be retrieved before or after the execution of the test.If the user wants to get the name of a Test method prior to its execution, @BeforeMethod can be useful to retrieve it.If the user wants to know which Test method is just executed, @AfterMethod can be used.The actual code can be written in either ...
Read MoreHow to retrieve test method description in TestNG before and after execution?
TestNG supports native dependency injection. It allows to declare additional parameters in methods. At runtime, TestNG automatically fills these parameters with the correct values. Following is a set of native dependencies in TestNG −ITestContextXmlTestMethodITestResultThese dependencies help to retrieve the description of Test method, if written. A Test method name can be retrieved before or after the execution of the test.If the user wants to get the description of a test method prior to its execution, then @BeforeMethod can be useful to retrieve it.If the user wants to know the description of a Test method after it is executed, then @AfterMethod ...
Read MoreHow to run multiple test classes in TestNG?
testng.xml has a format as where we define what all test classes should be executed. Users can mention n number of classes in testing.xml that require executing. In this article, we are going to discuss how to execute more than one class using a single testing.xml.Here, we will have two classes with multiple test methods, and we will see how testng.xml is configured to run both the classes - NewTestngClass and OrderofTestExecutionInTestNG.Approach/Algorithm to solve this problemSetp 1 − Create two TestNG classes - NewTestngClass and OrderofTestExecutionInTestNG.Setp 2 − Write two different @Test method in both the classes - NewTestngClass ...
Read MoreHow are equity cash flows calculated?
Equity cash flow is the amount of money a company can return to its investors after paying all the debt it acquired from the market. Also called free cash flows to equity, equity cash flows show the health of a company, as it contains the money that is left after paying all the loans the company has taken from the investors.How to Calculate Equity Cash Flows?While there are many formulas to calculate equity cash flows, the most common is the one that uses net income and changes in working capital.This formula is expressed as −Free Cash Flow to Equity ...
Read MoreSteps involved in using the Adjusted Present Value (APV) approach
The Adjusted Present Value (APV) approach can handle both perpetual and uneven cash flows. It can be used in calculating the adjusted present value of a levered firm that has many financing effects. The APV approach divides the NPV into two basic parts −The first part includes the all-equity NPV, assuming that the project is entirely financed by equity.The second part consists of the interest tax shields and all types of financing effects.We can write, $$\mathrm{APV = All\:Equity\:NPV\:+\:Value\:of\:Financing\:Effects}$$Steps in Adjusted Present Value ApproachThe use of APV consists of three steps −The first state of application of APV includes determination of ...
Read MoreWhat is meant by a pure-equity firm?
A pure-equity or an unlevered firm obtains all its funds internally and does not require to obtain any debt from the market. In other words, pure-equity firms are debt-free. Therefore, in case of an investment, a pure-equity firm doesn’t have to pay any interest for the debt the company may acquire from the market.Debt-free companies may use retained earnings or revenues generated from their existing projects to fund an investment project, so they do not need to acquire financing externally.Pure-equity firms use the asset cost of capital instead of the cost of equity to fund their investment projects. It is ...
Read MoreWhat is Adjusted Present Value approach?
Like Free Cash Flow (FCF) and Capital Cash Flow (CCF), Adjusted Present value (APV) is another way of evaluating an investment project. However, it is completely different from FCF and CCF approaches.FCF and CCF are primarily related to interest tax shields and they do not consider the various financing effects that may affect the value of the investment project. In fact, most of the investment projects contain some form of financing effects and so Adjusted Present Value approach is a more utilized approach in practice.It is known that FCF approach of evaluating a project is good when the debt-to-value ratio ...
Read MoreHow are Issue Costs handled in calculating the APV of a project?
What are Issue Costs?When companies raise money from the market, it needs to distribute securities in the market which requires the company to incur some cost. These one-time costs are called issue costs that have to be considered while the project begins. It is a preliminary cost all companies must spend to raise money from the investors in the market.How to Handle Issue Costs?Issue costs are handled at the outset of a project. The best way to manage the issue cost is to use the APV model to evaluate an investment project. In APV approach, the issue cost is discounted ...
Read MoreWhat is Levered Cost of Equity?
The levered cost of equity represents the risk components of the financial structure of a firm. To finance the projects of a firm, companies often need to resort to debt that is collected from the market. The market offers the debt by the resources of the investors.In case of levered cost of equity, the firms have larger debt proportions, and hence the firms must convince the investors that it is capable to provide the business and financial risk premiums.In general, when a company uses unlevered cost of equity, it does not go for debts from the market. It uses the ...
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