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What is an Information System?A formal, sociotechnical organizational system designed to gather, process, store, and disseminate information is known as an information system (IS). Information systems comprise four components from a sociotechnical standpoint − task, people, structure (or roles), and technology.Information systems consist of members that gather, store, and process data, with the data being utilized to give information, add to knowledge and create digital products that aid decision-making.Organizational levels, data mode, processing, system objectives, and type of assistance given are all used to classify information systems.Types of Information SystemThe following images shows the types of Information Systems −Transaction Processing ... Read More
Many companies have prioritized migration to IPv6 since there is practically no inventory of IPv4 addresses left. However, switching to IPv6 without a lengthy transition procedure is next to impossible. This is due to the fact that IPv6 has never been backward compatible with IPv4. This implies that when hosts and routers are upgraded to IPv6, the old system continues to function alongside the new one without requiring any additional adjustments.Network Transition from IPv4 to IPv6Here are a few techniques for easing the transition between IPV4 and IPV6 systems to tackle the problem of interoperability.Dual-stackWhen switching from IPv4 to IPv6, ... Read More
A Sybil Attack subverts a network service's reputation system by establishing a large number of pseudonymous identities and using them to wield disproportionately great power. It's called after Sybil, the protagonist of the novel Sybil, which is a case study of a lady diagnosed with a dissociative identity disorder. Sock puppetry is another term for Sybil assaults.In computer security, a Sybil Attack is a method of subverting a reputation system by establishing numerous identities. The vulnerability of a reputation system to a Sybil attack is determined by how cheap identities can be generated and the extent to which the reputation ... Read More
BiometricsBody measurements and computations linked to human traits are referred to as biometrics. Biometric authentication is a type of identification and access control used in computer science. It's also used to track down individuals in groups that are being watched.Individuals are labeled and described using biometric identifiers, which are unique, quantifiable traits. Physiological features, which are connected to the form of the body, are commonly used to classify biometric identifiers. A few examples are Fingerprints, palm veins, facial recognition, DNA, palm print, hand geometry, iris identification, retina, and odor/scent.Customers may "speak on the dotted line" with Vocal Biometrics, which is ... Read More
Restoration failure can be a complicated issue, especially for distributed systems, where there may be multiple participating devices and multiple failure points. It is very instructive to find different roles in the program and ask each one, "What would happen if that part of the program failed?" Designing a reliable system that can recover from failure requires identifying the types of failure the system must deal with.In a distributed system, we need to deal with mainly four types of failures −Transaction failure (abortion), Site (program) failure, Media (disk) failure, andCommunication line failure.Some of these are due to hardware, and some ... Read More
What is TCP?The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a network communication protocol that allows data packets to be sent across the Internet.TCP is an OSI transport layer protocol used to connect remote computers by conveying and ensuring message delivery through supporting networks and the Internet.Transmission Control Protocol is a member of the Internet protocol suite, sometimes known as the TCP/IP suite, and is one of the most widely used protocols in digital network communications.TCP is primarily used to assure end-to-end data delivery between different nodes.TCP operates in tandem with Internet Protocol, which determines the logical location of the remote node, ... Read More
Long-Polling, Websockets, Server-Sent Events (SSE), and Comet are some of the ways for the client-side to connect with the server-side in real-time. These are discussed in the next paragraphs.Long PollingThis is a technique in which a client asks for information from a server but does not anticipate a response right away. It entails sending an HTTP request to a server and then leaving the connection open to allow the server to reply later. The server enables about 6 simultaneous connections from the browser using extended polling.In comparison to other methods, load balancing is simple in this case. Long polling is ... Read More
What is Web Caching?The activity of saving data for reuse, such as a copy of a web page supplied by a web server, is known as web caching.It is cached or saved the first time a user accesses the page, and a cache will deliver the copy the next time a user requests the same page, preventing the origin server from becoming overwhelmed.Web caching techniques dramatically improve page delivery speed and reduce the amount of work required of the backend server.Caching servers can be configured to refresh at predetermined intervals or in response to specified events to guarantee that only ... Read More
What is Authentication?Authentication is the act of establishing the same claim as users identify on a computer system. As opposed to identification, authenticity is the process of verifying a person's or thing's identification. Personal identification must be validated, the website's validity must be validated with a digital certificate, the relic must be carbon dated, and the product or document must not be counterfeit.The process of determining the claimed user is known as authentication. This is the first stage of the security procedure. Completing the authentication procedure in less than or equal to −The password − The most popular authentication factors ... Read More
XMODEM is a standard file transfer process developed by Ward Christensen in 1977. It sends data-related data blocks and awaits receipt of block receipt. XModem is used in both hardware and software.XMODEM is a half-dup communication protocol with an effective error detection device.It violates the original data in a series of packets sent to the recipient and other information that allows the recipient to determine whether the packets have been received correctly.Marked files are completed with the end-of-file character sent behind the last block. This character is not in the packet but is sent as a single byte.Since the lengths ... Read More