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Li-Fi represents light-fidelity. It is a networking technology that uses a clear spectrum instead of radio waves. The technology uses a standard LED light bulb to share information. The LED bulbs are appropriated with a chip that inflicts the light for optical data transmission which is accepted by photoreceptors.A LiFi network uses the light from LED lamps to send information to a device, including a computer or tablet. The device has a receiver to select light signals and an address to send light signals back to the lamp using infrared light.The light from the LED lamps transforms intensity lots of ... Read More
PBX represents private branch exchange. It is a private mobile network used within an enterprise. It is a business-oriented phone system created to supply effective voice communications among the users of an organization.It is performing as the phone company’s central office within an organization, a PBX facilitates as the exchange point and point for routing calls.PBX enables users to generate their own telephone network inside a company or organisation. With this system, employees can connect internally for collaboration objectives and externally, with users, shareholders, and several contacts using channels such as VoIP or ISDN.Every device linked to the PBX, from ... Read More
Let us understand what the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is.IGRPIGRP represents the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. It is a protocol that was generally developed for routing by Cisco Systems in the 1980s. The objective of IGRP is to develop IGRP to support a routing protocol to be used with the autonomous system architectures.IGRP uses a sequence (vector) of metrics. Internetwork delay, bandwidth, dependability, and load are all part of the routing decision. The network controller can set the weighting element for each of these metrics. IGRP uses the authority-set or the default weightings to necessarily calculate optimal routes.IGRP supports ... Read More
The testng.xml file has the numerous uses as listed below −Test cases are executed in groups.Test methods can be included or excluded in the execution.The execution of multiple test cases from multiple java class files can be triggered.Comprises names of the folder, class, method.Capable of triggering parallel execution.Test methods belonging to groups can be included or excluded in the execution.ExampleCode implementation of TestNG.xml file ... Read More
The various annotations available in TestNG are listed below −@Test – This is used before every test method in the java class file.@BeforeSuite – This is used to run a particular test method before all the test methods.@AfterSuite – This is used to run a particular test method after all the test methods.@BeforeClass – This is used to run a particular test method only once before the first test method.@AfterClass – This is used to run a particular test method only once after all the test methods in the present java class file are done with execution.@BeforeTest – This is ... Read More
Categorical data are discrete data. Categorical attributes have a fixed number of distinct values, with no sequencing among the values involving geographic area, job category, and item type. There are various methods for the generation of concept hierarchies for categorical data are as follows −Specification of a partial ordering of attributes explicitly at the schema level by users or experts − Concept hierarchies for categorical attributes or dimensions generally contain a group of attributes. A user or professional can simply represent a concept hierarchy by defining a partial or total ordering of the attributes at the schema level.For instance, a ... Read More
We can perform data parameterization in TestNG. The parameterization in execution in TestNG can be done in the following ways −data parameterization with @Parameters annotation.data parameterization with @DataProvider annotation.ExampleCode Implementation of TestNG xml file with @Parameter annotation. We can pass values at runtime to the test methods by defining in the TestNG xml file.Exampleimport org.testng.annotations.Parameters; import org.testng.annotations.Test; public class TestParameter { ... Read More
It is complex and laborious to define concept hierarchies for numerical attributes because of the broad diversity of applicable data ranges and the frequent updates of data values. There are various methods of concept hierarchy generation for numeric data are as follows −Binning − Binning is a top-down splitting technique based on a defined number of bins. These methods are also used as discretization methods for numerosity reduction and concept hierarchy generation. These techniques can be used recursively to the resulting partitions to make concept hierarchies. Binning does not use class data and is, therefore, an unsupervised discretization technique. It ... Read More
The data discretization techniques can be used to reduce the number of values for a given continuous attribute by dividing the range of the attribute into intervals. Interval labels can be used to restore actual data values. It can be restoring multiple values of a continuous attribute with a small number of interval labels therefore decrease and simplifies the original information.This leads to a concise, easy-to-use, knowledge-level representation of mining results. Discretization techniques can be categorized depends on how the discretization is implemented, such as whether it uses class data or which direction it proceeds (i.e., top-down vs. bottom-up). If ... Read More
Dimensionality ReductionIn dimensionality reduction, data encoding or transformations are used to access a reduced or “compressed” depiction of the original data. If the original data can be regenerated from the compressed data without any loss of data, the data reduction is known as lossless. If data reconstructed is only approximated of the original data, then the data reduction is called lossy.The DWT is nearly associated with the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), a signal processing technique containing sines and cosines. In general, the DWT achieves better lossy compression. That is if a similar number of coefficients is maintained for a DWT ... Read More