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To change the color of outliers in base R boxplot, we can use outcol argument in boxplot function.For example, if we have a vector called X that contains some outliers then we can create a boxplot of X with blue color outliers by using the below given command −boxplot(X,outcol="red")ExampleTo change the color of outliers in base R boxplot, use the code given below: −x
A neural network is an array of algorithms that endeavors to identify fundamental relationships in a set of data through a process that mimics the techniques the human brain operates. In this sense, neural networks refer to systems of neurons, either organic or artificial.Neural networks are applicable in virtually every situation in which a relationship between the predictor variables (independents, inputs) and predicted variables (dependents, outputs) exists, even when that relationship is very complex and not easy to articulate in the usual terms of “correlations” or “differences between groups.”There are various applications of Neural Networks which are as follows −Detection ... Read More
To write plot description outside plot using ggplot2, we can use annotate function and coord_cartesian function. The annotate function will define the plot description and the coord_cartesian function will define the position of the text outside the plot area.Check out the below given example to understand how it works.ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x
To test if strings stored in a vector are present in an R list or not, we can use mapply function. For example, if we have a vector of strings say V and a list called LIST then we can check whether elements in V are present in LIST by using the following command − mapply(`%in%`,V,LIST)Example 1Following snippet creates a vector and list −x
To find the frequency of successive occurrences less than a threshold value in an R data frame column, we can use rle function along with sum function.Check out the below given examples to understand how it can be done.Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x
A neural network is a series of algorithms that endeavors to recognize basic relationships in a set of record through a process that mimics the way the human brain operates. In this method, neural networks defines systems of neurons, either organic or artificial.Neural Networks are analytic techniques modeled after the (hypothesized) processes of learning in the cognitive system and the neurological functions of the brain and capable of predicting new observations (on specific variables) from other observations after implementing a process of so-called learning from existing information. Neural Networks are one of the Data Mining techniques.The first phase is to ... Read More
Similarity measures provide the framework on which some data mining decisions are based. Tasks including classification and clustering generally consider the existence of some similarity measure, while fields with poor techniques to evaluate similarity often find that searching information is a cumbersome function.There are several applications of similarity measures are as follows −Information Retrieval − The goal of information retrieval (IR) systems is to meet user’s needs. In another terms, a need is generally manifested in the form of a short textual query introduced in the text box of some search engine online. IR systems generally do not directly answer ... Read More
Advantages of Data MiningThe advantage of data mining are as follows −Marketing/RetailingData mining can help direct marketers by supporting them with useful and accurate trends about their users purchasing behavior. It is based on these trends, marketers can direct their marketing attention to their customers with more precision. For example, marketers of a software company may advertise their new software to consumers who have a lot of software purchasing history.Moreover, data mining can also help marketers in predicting which products their users can be interested in purchasing. Through this prediction, marketers can surprise their users and create the users shopping ... Read More
Data mining is the process of discovering meaningful new correlations, patterns, and trends by shifting through large amounts of data stored in repositories, using pattern recognition technologies as well as statistical and mathematical techniques. It is the analysis of observational datasets to find unsuspected relationships and to summarize the data in novel ways that are both understandable and useful to the data owner.It is the procedure of selection, exploration, and modeling of high quantities of information to find regularities or relations that are at first unknown to obtain clear and beneficial results for the owner of the database. Data mining ... Read More
An OLAM server performs analytical mining in data cubes similarly to an OLAP server performs online analytical processing. An integrated OLAM and OLAP mechanism, where the OLAM and OLAP servers both accept user online queries (or commands) via a graphical user interface API and operate with the data cube in the data analysis via a cube API.A metadata directory can be used to instruct the access of the data cube. The data cube can be created by accessing and integrating multiple databases via an MDDB API and by filtering a data warehouse via a database API that can provide OLE ... Read More