Data Structure
Networking
RDBMS
Operating System
Java
MS Excel
iOS
HTML
CSS
Android
Python
C Programming
C++
C#
MongoDB
MySQL
Javascript
PHP
TestNG supports native dependency injection. It allows to declare additional parameters in methods. At runtime, TestNG automatically fills these parameters with the correct values. Following is a set of native dependencies in TestNG −ITestContextXmlTestMethodITestResultThese dependencies help to retrieve the description of Test method, if written. A Test method name can be retrieved before or after the execution of the test.If the user wants to get the description of a test method prior to its execution, then @BeforeMethod can be useful to retrieve it.If the user wants to know the description of a Test method after it is executed, then @AfterMethod ... Read More
testng.xml has a format as where we define what all test classes should be executed. Users can mention n number of classes in testing.xml that require executing. In this article, we are going to discuss how to execute more than one class using a single testing.xml.Here, we will have two classes with multiple test methods, and we will see how testng.xml is configured to run both the classes - NewTestngClass and OrderofTestExecutionInTestNG.Approach/Algorithm to solve this problemSetp 1 − Create two TestNG classes - NewTestngClass and OrderofTestExecutionInTestNG.Setp 2 − Write two different @Test method in both the classes - NewTestngClass ... Read More
A TestNG class can have different tests like test1, test2, test3, etc. Once a user runs a TestNG class consisting of various tests, it runs the test cases in an alphabetic order based on the name provided. However, the user can assign the priority to these tests so that these tests can run as per user's priority. Priority starts from 0 (highest priority) and gradually decreases as we move to 1, 2, 3, etc.Default OrderTestNG executes different tests alphabetically. By default, test1 will run first and after that test2 and finally test3. By default, TestNG assigns priority as 0 to ... Read More
Equity cash flow is the amount of money a company can return to its investors after paying all the debt it acquired from the market. Also called free cash flows to equity, equity cash flows show the health of a company, as it contains the money that is left after paying all the loans the company has taken from the investors.How to Calculate Equity Cash Flows?While there are many formulas to calculate equity cash flows, the most common is the one that uses net income and changes in working capital.This formula is expressed as −Free Cash Flow to Equity ... Read More
The Adjusted Present Value (APV) approach can handle both perpetual and uneven cash flows. It can be used in calculating the adjusted present value of a levered firm that has many financing effects. The APV approach divides the NPV into two basic parts −The first part includes the all-equity NPV, assuming that the project is entirely financed by equity.The second part consists of the interest tax shields and all types of financing effects.We can write, $$\mathrm{APV = All\:Equity\:NPV\:+\:Value\:of\:Financing\:Effects}$$Steps in Adjusted Present Value ApproachThe use of APV consists of three steps −The first state of application of APV includes determination of ... Read More
A pure-equity or an unlevered firm obtains all its funds internally and does not require to obtain any debt from the market. In other words, pure-equity firms are debt-free. Therefore, in case of an investment, a pure-equity firm doesn’t have to pay any interest for the debt the company may acquire from the market.Debt-free companies may use retained earnings or revenues generated from their existing projects to fund an investment project, so they do not need to acquire financing externally.Pure-equity firms use the asset cost of capital instead of the cost of equity to fund their investment projects. It is ... Read More
Asset cost of capital refers to the capital of a firm when the financing of a project is purely done by equity without any form of debt. It is the expected rate of return on the company's assets in a hypothetical debt-free method. Asset cost of capital is also known as the unlevered cost of capital because it is done without any financial leverage of debt. It is completely a financial position where a company can finance without taking care of any debt.The cost of executing a project in a completely debt-free manner is the asset cost of capital. As ... Read More
Like Free Cash Flow (FCF) and Capital Cash Flow (CCF), Adjusted Present value (APV) is another way of evaluating an investment project. However, it is completely different from FCF and CCF approaches.FCF and CCF are primarily related to interest tax shields and they do not consider the various financing effects that may affect the value of the investment project. In fact, most of the investment projects contain some form of financing effects and so Adjusted Present Value approach is a more utilized approach in practice.It is known that FCF approach of evaluating a project is good when the debt-to-value ratio ... Read More
What are Issue Costs?When companies raise money from the market, it needs to distribute securities in the market which requires the company to incur some cost. These one-time costs are called issue costs that have to be considered while the project begins. It is a preliminary cost all companies must spend to raise money from the investors in the market.How to Handle Issue Costs?Issue costs are handled at the outset of a project. The best way to manage the issue cost is to use the APV model to evaluate an investment project. In APV approach, the issue cost is discounted ... Read More
The levered cost of equity represents the risk components of the financial structure of a firm. To finance the projects of a firm, companies often need to resort to debt that is collected from the market. The market offers the debt by the resources of the investors.In case of levered cost of equity, the firms have larger debt proportions, and hence the firms must convince the investors that it is capable to provide the business and financial risk premiums.In general, when a company uses unlevered cost of equity, it does not go for debts from the market. It uses the ... Read More