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A nuclear power plant is a generating station which converts nuclear energy into electrical energy. The schematic diagram of a typical nuclear power station is shown in the figure. It mainly consists of the following parts −Nuclear ReactorHeat ExchangerSteam TurbineAlternator (or Electric Generator)Nuclear ReactorThe nuclear reactor is an apparatus in which nuclear fuel such as Uranium (U235) or Thorium (Th232) is subjected to nuclear fission. The nuclear reactor controls the chain reaction which starts once the fission of the fuel is done. If the chain reaction is not controlled, the result will be an explosion due to fast increase in ... Read More
A power generating station which converts heat energy of the nuclear fission into electrical energy is called the nuclear power plant.The most important characteristic of a nuclear power plant is that a large amount of electrical energy can be produced from a relatively small amount of nuclear fuel. Therefore, the running cost of a nuclear power plant is lower than the thermal and diesel power plants.In practice, it has been found that the complete fission of 1 kg of Uranium (U235), which is a radioactive material can produce energy equivalent to that can be produced by the burning of 4500 ... Read More
A hydroelectric power plant is a generating station which converts the potential energy of water at high level into electrical energy.Generally, the hydroelectric power plants are installed in hilly areas where dams can be built and large water reservoirs can be obtained. In a hydroelectric power plant, the water head is created by constructing a dam across a river. From the dam, water is led to a water turbine. The water turbine converts the hydraulic energy of the falling water into mechanical energy. The turbine drives the alternator, which converts the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy.Schematic Diagram ... Read More
Generation of Electrical EnergyThe transformation of energy available in different forms in the nature into electrical energy is called the generation of electrical energy.Energy is available in various forms in the nature such pressure energy in water head, chemical energy in fuels, nuclear energy in radioactive materials, etc. All these forms of energy can be converted into electrical energy by using a suitable arrangement of equipment. A typical arrangement for the generation of electrical energy is shown in the following block diagram.Here, an alternator (an electric generator that generates alternating electrical energy) is coupled to a prime mover (device that ... Read More
A power generating plant which has gas turbine as the prime mover for the generation of electrical energy, is called the gas turbine power plant. The block diagram of a typical gas turbine power station is shown in the figure.In a gas turbine power plant, natural air is used as the working agent. The air is compressed with the help of a compressor and fed to a combustion chamber where heat is added to this compressed air, which increases the temperature of the air. The heat to the compressed air is added either by burning fuel in the combustion chamber ... Read More
Water TurbineIn a hydroelectric power plant, a device which is used to convert the energy of falling water into mechanical energy is known as water turbine. There are two types of water turbines used in a hydroelectric power plant viz. −Impulse TurbineReaction TurbineImpulse TurbineIn an impulse turbine, the entire pressure of water is converted into kinetic energy in a nozzle and the velocity of the water jet drives the turbine wheel. Impulse turbines are used for high heads. The pelton wheel is an example of the impulse turbine. It consists of a wheel fitted with elliptical buckets along its periphery. ... Read More
An electric power generating station in which the chemical energy of diesel is converted into electrical energy is known as diesel power plant. In other words, the diesel power plant is a power generating plant in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the generation of electrical energy.Schematic Diagram and Working of Diesel Power PlantThe schematic arrangement of a typical diesel power plant is shown in the figure given below.In a diesel power plant, the diesel engine is used as the prime mover to drive an alternator. The diesel (fuel oil) burns inside the engine and the ... Read More
Thermal Power PlantA generating station which converts the heat energy of combustion of coal into electrical energy is called a thermal power plant or steam power station.Schematic Arrangement of Thermal Power PlantThe thermal power plant has many arrangements for proper and efficient working. The schematic of a modern thermal power plant is shown in the figure. This whole schematic arrangement can be divided into the following segments −Coal and Ash Handling PlantThe coal is transported to the site of power plant from the coal mines by rail or road and it is stored in the coal storage plant. From the ... Read More
To reduce array's dimension by one, use the np.ufunc.reduce() method in Python Numpy. Here, we have used add.reduce() to reduce it to the addition of all the elements. To initialize the reduction with a different value, use the "initials" parameter. A universal function (or ufunc for short) is a function that operates on ndarrays in an element-by-element fashion, supporting array broadcasting, type casting, and several other standard features. That is, a ufunc is a “vectorized” wrapper for a function that takes a fixed number of specific inputs and produces a fixed number of specific outputs.StepsAt first, import the required library ... Read More
To return the next floating-point value after a value towards another value, element-wise., use the numpy.nextafter() method in Python Numpy. The 1st parameter is the value to find the next representable value of. The 2nd parameter is the direction where to look for the next representable value.The function returns the next representable values of x1 in the direction of x2. This is a scalar if both x1 and x2 are scalars.The out is a location into which the result is stored. If provided, it must have a shape that the inputs broadcast to. If not provided or None, a freshly-allocated ... Read More