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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
Difference between ArrayBlockingQueue and LinkedBlockingQueue
ArrayBlockingQueue and LinkedBlockingQueue both implement the BlockingQueue interface from the java.util.concurrent package. Both store elements in FIFO order, are thread-safe, and do not accept null elements. They differ in their internal data structure, capacity behavior, and locking mechanism. ArrayBlockingQueue ArrayBlockingQueue is backed by a fixed-size array. Once created, the capacity cannot be changed. It uses a single lock with two conditions (notEmpty and notFull) for both put and take operations, meaning producers and consumers cannot operate concurrently. LinkedBlockingQueue LinkedBlockingQueue is backed by linked nodes. It is optionally bounded − if no capacity is specified, it defaults ...
Read MoreDifference between grep and fgrep command
Both grep and fgrep are Linux commands used to search for strings in files, directories, or command output. The key difference is that grep supports regular expressions, while fgrep treats the search pattern as a fixed (literal) string. grep (Global Regular Expression Print) grep searches for strings or regular expressions in files. It interprets special characters like ., *, ^, $, [ ] as regex metacharacters. It uses the Boyer-Moore algorithm for fast searching. fgrep (Fixed grep / grep -F) fgrep (equivalent to grep -F) searches for fixed strings only. It does not recognize regular expressions ...
Read MoreDifference between strncmp() and strcmp() in C/C++
Both strncmp() and strcmp() are used in C/C++ programs for lexicographical string comparison. The strcmp() compares two strings till the null character is found, whereas strncmp() only compares a specified number of characters. What is strncmp() ? The function strncmp() is used to compare left string to right string up to a number. It works same as strcmp(). It returns a value greater than zero when the matching character of left string has greater ASCII value than the character of the right string. Returns a value less than zero when the matching character of left string has lesser ASCII value ...
Read MoreDifference between the Ternary operator and Null coalescing operator in php
In PHP, the ternary operator (?:) and the null coalescing operator (??) are both shorthand for conditional expressions. The ternary operator evaluates a condition and returns one of two values, while the null coalescing operator specifically checks if a variable is set and not null. Ternary Operator (?:) The ternary operator replaces if-else statements into a single expression − Syntax: (condition) ? expression1 : expression2; Equivalent: if (condition) { return expression1; } else { return expression2; } If the condition is true, it returns expression1; ...
Read MoreDifference between AngularJS and Angular.
AngularJS (version 1.x) and Angular (version 2+) are both open-source front-end frameworks developed by Google for building web applications. Despite sharing a name, Angular is a complete rewrite of AngularJS with a fundamentally different architecture, language, and design philosophy. AngularJS AngularJS is a JavaScript-based framework mainly used to develop single-page applications. It extends static HTML into dynamic HTML using directives and follows the MVC (Model-View-Controller) design pattern. AngularJS reached end-of-life in December 2021. Angular Angular (version 2 and above) is a complete rewrite of AngularJS, built with TypeScript. It uses a component-based architecture, has Angular CLI ...
Read MoreDifference between RDBMS and MongoDB
RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) stores data in structured tables with rows and columns, using SQL to query databases. MongoDB is a NoSQL document-oriented database that stores data as BSON (Binary JSON) documents with dynamic schemas, using its own query language (MQL). RDBMS RDBMS stores data as entities in tables. It provides multiple layers of information security and uses primary keys to uniquely identify records and foreign keys to define relationships between tables. RDBMS follows the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability). Examples include Oracle, SQL Server, and MySQL. MongoDB MongoDB is an open-source NoSQL database ...
Read MoreDifference between SQL and PL/SQL
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard database language used to create, maintain, and retrieve data from relational databases. PL/SQL (Procedural Language extension to SQL) extends SQL by adding procedural capabilities like variables, loops, conditions, and error handling. SQL Example SQL executes a single declarative statement at a time ? -- SQL: single operation, declarative SELECT name, salary FROM employees WHERE department = 'Engineering'; PL/SQL Example PL/SQL can execute multiple operations with procedural logic ? -- PL/SQL: procedural block with variables, loops, conditions DECLARE v_name employees.name%TYPE; ...
Read MoreDifference between MySQL and MongoDB
MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that stores data in structured tables with rows and columns. MongoDB is a NoSQL document database that stores data as flexible JSON-like documents. Both are widely used but serve different use cases. MySQL MySQL is an open-source relational database owned by Oracle. It uses SQL (Structured Query Language) to query and manage data stored in predefined tables with fixed schemas. MySQL enforces data integrity through relationships, constraints, and joins. MongoDB MongoDB is an open-source NoSQL database developed by MongoDB Inc. It stores data as BSON (Binary JSON) documents ...
Read MoreTheory of Inference for the Statement Calculus
To deduce new statements from the statements whose truth we already know, Rules of Inference are used. What are Rules of Inference for? Mathematical logic is often used for logical proofs. Proofs are valid arguments that determine the truth values of mathematical statements. An argument is a sequence of statements. The last statement is the conclusion and all its preceding statements are called premises (or hypotheses). The symbol "∴" (read "therefore") is placed before the conclusion. A valid argument is one where the conclusion follows from the truth values of the premises. Rules of Inference provide ...
Read MoreLine/Edge Covering
A covering graph is a subgraph which contains either all the vertices or all the edges corresponding to some other graph. A subgraph which contains all the vertices is called a line/edge covering. A subgraph which contains all the edges is called a vertex covering. Line Covering Let G = (V, E) be a graph. A subset C(E) is called a line covering of G if every vertex of G is incident with at least one edge in C, i.e., deg(V) ≥ 1 ∀ V ∈ G Because each vertex is connected with another vertex by ...
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