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Data preparation is a necessary step before modeling in the field of data science. We must do a number of activities during the data preparation process. One such important task is encoding categorical data. As is well known, the majority of data in the real world has categorical string values, while the majority of machine learning models only operate with integer values. However, certain models can work with other values that are more complex but still intelligible to the model. In essence, all models carry out mathematical operations that can be done with a variety of tools and approaches. But ... Read More
The world is always changing due to advancements in science and technology. The advancements in AI technology are expanding exponentially. People can't envision living without AI products since they have become so reliant on them. In this post, we will discuss the emergence of Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence allows machines to accomplish tasks that humans do, learn from experience, adapt to new inputs, and perform learning from experience (AI). Today's self-driving cars and chess-playing computers are only two examples of AI applications that heavily rely on deep learning and natural language processing. Using these technologies, it is possible ... Read More
Anyone who has encountered reinforcement learning (RL) knows that the Bellman Equation is an essential component of RL and appears in many forms throughout RL. By merging several RL functions, the Bellman equation aids in producing more calculated and better-bearing outcomes. In this post, we will first go over some of the fundamental terms related to reinforcement learning, then we'll get into the meat of some of the equations that are frequently used in reinforcement learning, and finally, we'll take a deep dive into the Bellman Equation. What is Reinforcement Learning? Reinforcement learning is a form of machine learning that ... Read More
A statistical test that compares two matched groups nonparametrically is the Wilcoxon test. Either the signed-rank test version or the rank sum test might be referenced. The tests are efficient in computing the difference between pairs of pairings and examining this difference to see if it is statistically different from the other. In this article, we'll examine the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and demonstrate how to run it in Python. What is Wilcoxon signed-rank test? The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is a non-parametric univariate test that can be used instead of the dependent t-test. The statistic value is typically referred to as ... Read More
Artificial intelligence (AI) that enables real-time, human-like dialogue between a machine and a human is known as conversational AI. The fact that conversational AI is a fusion of several technologies, such as natural language processing (NLP), machine learning, deep learning, and contextual awareness, must be emphasized. Chatbots are one of the most popular conversational AI applications because they employ natural language processing (NLP) to interpret user input and carry on a conversation. Voice assistants, virtual assistants, and chatbots for customer service are examples of this usage. As the technology and use cases for these automated dialogues advance, there is a ... Read More
In this tutorial we will discuss how to write a GO program to extract the last two digits of a given year. This program takes any year as input and prints its last two digits. You need to extract the last two digits from a given year, by using the modulus operation. Modulus Operation The % operator is the modulus operator, which returns the remainder rather than the quotient after division. This is useful for finding numbers that are multiples of the same number. As the name suggests where there is an execution to be operated required to deal with ... Read More
During times of economic instability, governments may be forced to take drastic actions. It's possible that to fund certain programs, the government may need to make changes to the country's fiscal policy in areas like taxes. The rules often affect customers' ability to spend, which has repercussions for the economy. Governments may take several economic policies, including automatic stabilizers and discretionary policies. You'll have a better handle on the economy and be able to make more educated financial decisions if you're familiar with these policies. Here, we'll compare and contrast automatic stabilizers with arbitrary government action to see which is ... Read More
It may be necessary for the government to take monetary policies for the economy to fulfill its macroeconomic objectives. Analysts, financial professionals, economists, and investors contribute to the deliberation process by submitting studies on monetary policy options for a country to consider. The necessity to regulate consumption, inflation, liquidity, and expansion to support long−term, sustainable economic growth often necessitates this. The government may pursue a monetary policy by, for example, altering the necessary reserve ratio of banks, buying or selling government bonds, controlling the cost of foreign exchange, or adjusting interest rates. The government has several tools at its disposal, ... Read More
Preserving global economic security is a top goal for nations everywhere. Economists and policymakers are always on the lookout for fresh strategies that might improve economic growth or make the economy more stable. Government borrowing, income inequality, poverty rates, the human development index, labor productivity, investment, personal disposable income, and currency exchange rates are all important measures of economic growth. Among the many tools at one's disposal for restoring economic balance are "fiscal constraint" and "growth". Attempts to describe how an economy may become more stable have also made use of the Keynesian theory. What is Austerity? To keep the ... Read More
The world of investments is fraught with uncertainty. There is always some degree of risk involved with any investment, even if its perceived risks are minor. The term "risk management" is commonly used in the world of finance to describe the steps taken to identify, evaluate, and lessen the effects of investment−related risk. This process must be carried out. Calculating the potential for monetary loss is necessary when an investor or fund management is considering whether or not to partake in an initiative. The outcomes of investment decisions can be affected by several factors, including asymmetry of knowledge and poor ... Read More