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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
TACACS+ Protocol
TACACS+ (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus) is a network protocol that provides centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) services for network devices. Developed by Cisco Systems as an enhancement to the original TACACS protocol, TACACS+ separates AAA functions into distinct processes, offering greater security and flexibility for network access control. Unlike protocols that combine multiple functions, TACACS+ treats authentication, authorization, and accounting as independent services. This separation allows administrators to configure granular access policies and provides better control over user permissions on network infrastructure devices like routers, switches, and firewalls. How TACACS+ Works TACACS+ operates ...
Read MoreWhat is the difference between ZIP and RAR
File compression formats are essential tools for reducing file sizes and organizing multiple files into single archives. Two of the most popular compression formats are ZIP and RAR, each with distinct characteristics and capabilities. ZIP File Format ZIP is an open-standard file format for archiving and lossless data compression, created in 1989 by Phil Katz. It has become one of the most widely supported compression formats, with built-in support in operating systems like Microsoft Windows and macOS. ZIP files serve as data containers that use various compression algorithms including DEFLATE, BZIP2, LZMA, and others to compress one ...
Read MoreDifference between Traffic Policing and Traffic Shaping
Traffic Policing and Traffic Shaping are two fundamental network traffic management techniques used to control bandwidth utilization and ensure Quality of Service (QoS) in computer networks. Both methods help regulate data flow but use different approaches to handle excess traffic. Traffic Policing Traffic Policing is a network monitoring technique that enforces traffic rate limits by taking immediate action against packets that exceed predetermined rates. It uses a token bucket mechanism where tokens represent bytes of data that can be transmitted. When traffic exceeds the configured rate, policing drops or marks the excess packets rather than queuing them. ...
Read MoreWhat is Attenuation Distortion in computer networks?
Attenuation distortion is a type of transmission impairment that occurs when a signal loses strength as it travels through a communication medium. This phenomenon causes the received signal to have reduced amplitude compared to the original transmitted signal, potentially making it difficult for the receiver to properly interpret the data. Attenuation distortion affects both analog and digital signals. In analog transmission, the signal's amplitude decreases and its shape may change. In digital transmission, the weakened signal can cause bit errors, where 1s may be interpreted as 0s or vice versa. How Attenuation Distortion Works As signals propagate ...
Read MoreDifference between Bit Rate and Baud Rate
In telecommunication and electronics engineering, Bit Rate and Baud Rate are two commonly used terms in data communication that represent transmission speed but measure different aspects. The Bit Rate is defined as the number of bits (binary 0s and 1s) transmitted over a network per unit time, whereas Baud Rate is defined as the number of signal units or symbol changes transmitted per unit time. The relationship between these terms is given by: Bit Rate = Baud Rate × Number of Bits per Symbol In practice, bit rate is more important for measuring data throughput, while baud ...
Read MoreWhat is Anycast Routing?
Anycast routing is a network addressing and routing methodology where multiple servers share the same IP address, and incoming packets are automatically routed to the topologically closest server. Unlike unicast (one-to-one communication) or multicast (one-to-many communication), anycast provides a one-to-nearest communication pattern. When a client sends a request to an anycast IP address, the network infrastructure uses routing protocols to deliver the packet to the nearest available server that advertises that address. This "nearest" determination is based on network topology and routing metrics, not necessarily geographical distance. Anycast Routing: Client Routes to Nearest Server ...
Read MoreExamples of Existing Networks
Some of the prominently used networks in today's world are examples that showcase different networking technologies and their applications in various domains. Internet The Internet is a global collection of interconnected networks that use the TCP/IP protocol suite to communicate. It represents the largest wide area network, connecting billions of devices worldwide through a decentralized architecture. The Internet encompasses private, public, academic, commercial, and government networks, but no single organization controls it entirely. This distributed control model ensures resilience and global accessibility. Internet - Global Network of Networks ...
Read MoreComplementary Code Keying (CCK)
Complementary Code Keying (CCK) is a modulation technique deployed in wireless local area networks (WLANs) that follow the IEEE 802.11b specification. CCK came into use in 1999 whereby it replaced the Barker code in wireless networks. CCK helps in attaining data rates higher than 2 Mbps, though at the cost of shorter ranges. CCK uses mathematically related code pairs called complementary sequences to encode data more efficiently than its predecessor. This technique enabled the significant speed improvements that made 802.11b networks commercially viable for business applications. How CCK Works CCK operates by using shorter chipping sequences of ...
Read MoreIntroduction to Host Names: Understanding the Basics
In the world of computers and the internet, host names are a critical component of how devices connect to each other. A host name is a unique identifier assigned to a device or server on a network, used to identify and locate devices on the internet or any other network. What is a Host Name? A host name is a label assigned to a device on a network. It consists of a combination of letters, numbers, and hyphens, usually assigned by an administrator or network manager. Host names are case-insensitive, meaning "mydevice" and "MyDevice" are treated as identical. ...
Read MoreDifference between SLIP and PPP
SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) and PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) are both data link layer protocols used for serial communication between computers and network devices. While they serve similar purposes in establishing point-to-point connections, they differ significantly in features, security, and reliability. SLIP is a simple protocol designed for basic IP packet encapsulation over serial lines, whereas PPP is a more sophisticated protocol offering advanced features like error detection, authentication, and support for multiple network protocols. What is SLIP? Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) is a basic protocol for encapsulating Internet Protocol (IP) packets over serial communication lines. ...
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