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In Python, the ord() function converts a given character to the corresponding ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) integer. The ord() function raises a TypeError if you pass a string value as a parameter. Converting a single alphabet to its integer In the following example, we have converted a character 'A' into its Unicode using the ord() function - my_str='A' result=ord(my_str) print("Unicode of 'A'-", result) Following is an output of the above code - Unicode of 'A'- 65 Printing Integer values of all the alphabets We can use the ord() function to print all the Unicode characters ... Read More
In Python, it is a common scenario that the files we want to work with should be placed in the same folder as the script itself. Simply we with the reference of a filename like "data.txt" may not always work as expected, especially when the script is executed from a different working directory. The best way is to place the scripts in the actual location using the __file__ variable along with the os or pathlib modules. In this article, we are going to see the different approaches to open a file in the same directory as a Python script. Using ... Read More
In this article, we will learn to align the JRadioButtons horizontally in Java. While designing graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in Java using Swing, you might frequently have to position radio buttons horizontally instead of the default vertical layout. What is a JRadioButton? A JRadioButton is a subclass of JToggleButton and is a two-state button that can be either selected or deselected. Unlike checkboxes, radio buttons are associated with a group, and only one radio button in a group can be selected. This can be implemented using the ButtonGroup class. Syntax The following is the syntax for JButton initialization: JRadioButton ... Read More
In this article, we will learn to sort the items of a JComboBox in Java. A JComboBox is a basic Swing component, and one of its common requirements is to show the items in sorted order. What is a JComboBox? A JComboBox is a subclass of the JComponent class, and it is a combination of a text field and a drop-down list from which the user can choose a value. A JComboBox can generate the ActionListener, ChangeListener, and ItemListener interfaces when the user actions with a combo box. Syntax The following is the syntax for JComboBox initialization: JComboBox comboBox ... Read More
In this article, we will learn to close resources automatically in Java. Resource management becomes important in Java programming to prevent memory leaks and system instability. Java provides several options for closing resources automatically: files, database connections, and network sockets. The Problem with Manual Resource Closure Traditionally, developers needed to manually close resources using try-finally blocks. This method is error-prone because it's easy to forget to close resources, and exception handling can be complicated: FileInputStream fis = null; try { fis = new FileInputStream("file.txt"); } finally { if (fis != null) { ... Read More
We may see many situations in Python where we need to remove all the files from a particular folder. For example, we may need to perform cleaning up temporary logs, resetting application data, or managing output directories. This can be done by simply pointing to the folder and deleting files manually, but it is inefficient, especially when working with large-scale or automated scripts. In such cases, we can ensure a clean and reliable way of deleting files by using the built-in modules like os, pathlib, or shutil, which allow us ... Read More
cout is an object of the stdout stream, while cerr is an object of the stderr stream.stdout and stderr are different streams, even though they both refer to console output by default. Redirecting (piping) one of them (e.g., program.exe >out.txt) would not affect the other. These are both provided by the library in C++. In this article, we will learn the difference between these two output streams in more detail. Character Output Stream (cout) The character output stream is used to display the data or information to the console (standard output device, basically the screen), like printing messages, results, ... Read More
Edge coloring is a method of coloring the edges of a graph, such that no two edges having a common vertex is colored with same color. A line Graph is a special type of graph which help us to assume an edge-coloring problem into a vertex-coloring problem. In other words, using a line graph makes edge coloring easier. In this article, we will discuss how to perform edge coloring of a graph using line graph and greedy coloring approach. What is Line Graph? Line graph is a special graph that is created from another graph. In the line ... Read More
Graph coloring is a technique in which, we assign colors to the vertices of a graph such that no two adjacent vertices have same color. Bipartite graph a special kind of graph which is possible to color by just two colors. In this article, we will discuss how to perform graph coloring on a bipartite graph using BFS algorithm. What is Bipartite Graph? Bipartite graph is special graph where you can divide the vertices into two sets, such that no two vertices of the same set are connected. This is why, it's possible to color a bipartite graph by ... Read More
To calculate the execution time of a program, use the std::chrono library, which was introduced in C++11. This library has two distinct objects: time_point and duration. The time_point represents the variable names that store the start and end times of specific algorithms, functions, or loops used in the program. While duration represents the interval between two different times. The chrono library allows us to subtract these time intervals. Here, we use the high_resolution_clock::now() function, which provides accurate units of time. Calculate the Execution Time of a C++ Program To get the execution time of a program use the chrono header ... Read More