There were several theories stated to explain the arrangement of subatomic particles. The Plum Pudding Model, also known as Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model, is also a scientific model for explaining the arrangement of subatomic particles. This model was first proposed by a British physicist Sir J. J. Thomson in 1904. This model was stated soon after the discovery of the electron, but prior to the discovery of the nucleus of the atom. According to the plum pudding model, "a volume of positive charge surrounds electrons in an atom, like negatively charged plums embedded in a positively charged pudding." Hence, it ... Read More

In electrical and electronics engineering, we frequently come across two terms "circuit" and "circuit element". Where, an electric circuit element is the most elementary building block of an electric circuit, and the electric circuit is an interconnection of different circuit elements connected in a fashion so they form a closed path for current to flow. Technically, an electric circuit element is the mathematical model of an electrical device and can be completely characterized by its voltage and current relationship. Also, a circuit element being the most basic building block cannot be subdivided into other devices. There are three most basic ... Read More

In electrical and electronic circuits, there are five major electrical quantities that used to analyze circuits. These quantities are electric charge, electric current, voltage, electric power and electrical energy. In this article, we shall learn about these quantities in detail. What is Electric Charge? Electric charge or simply charge is the property of subatomic particles like protons and electrons. The electric charge is denoted by symbol Q or q and measured in Coulombs (C). Technically, electric charge is the concept which explains the electrical behavior of materials. Therefore, it is the electric charge that forms the basis of existence of ... Read More

A circuit element is the basic building block of an electric circuit. Basically, a circuit element is a mathematical model of an electrical device which is characterized by the relationship between voltage and current. The circuit element is the most elementary part of a circuit, therefore it cannot be further divided into sub-components. The common examples of circuit elements are resistors, inductors, capacitors, energy sources, etc. Types of Circuit Elements Depending on the behavior in the circuit, the electric circuit elements can be classified into the following types − Active Elements Passive Elements Unilateral Elements Bilateral Elements Linear Elements ... Read More

In digital electronics, basic logic gates are the important components of all digital devices and systems. A logic gate is a digital circuit whose operation is based on the Boolean function. Thus, logic gates are used for performing different logical operations on binary inputs to produce a binary output. Therefore, we can simply state that logic gates are the basic building blocks of digital devices and systems. All digital systems like computers are able to perform very complex logic operations, and these operation are performed by the interconnected system of basic logic gates. This interconnection of logic gates to perform ... Read More

The electron theory of matter is one of the most successful and experimentally proved theory that can explain the nature of electricity. Although the study of electricity has been attracting the attention of scientists for several hundred years, and there were several experiments and theories developed to understand the nature of electricity. The only theory that has explained it successfully is the electron theory of matter. The electron theory of matter is the result of experiments and researches conducted by many scientists like J. J. Thomson, R. A. Millikan, Earnest Rutherford and Bohr. This article is meant for explaining the ... Read More

Engineering materials can be classified into two broad categories namely metals and nonmetals. This classification of engineering materials is based on their physical and chemical properties. In this article, we shall discuss the differences between metals and non-metal, but before we will learn that what metals and non-metals are. What are Metals? Metals are the crystalline materials that have a number of differentially oriented fine crystals. At normal temperature, all metals are generally found in solid state. However, there are some exceptions such as mercury which found in liquid state at the normal temperature. All metals have comparatively high conductivity ... Read More

A system that is used for representing numbers is called the number system. In digital electronics, the numbers are used to represent the information. Hence, it is important to learn and understand different types of number systems so we can easily represent and interpret the information in the form of numbers. There are several types of number systems and the basis of this classification is the base or radix of the number system. The base or radix of the number system is the total number of symbols used to denoted the numbers in the number system. Types of Number Systems ... Read More

Electrical impedance is the measure of opposition produced by circuit elements in the path of alternating current. Therefore, the electrical impedance is the parameter related to the AC circuit. The electrical impedance is usually denoted by the symbol ‘Z’ and is measured in ohms $\mathrm{(\Omega)}$. The electrical impedance is a complex quantity, i.e. it has both magnitude and phase. The electrical impedance is basically the extended concept of resistance. It is the function of frequency of alternating current flowing in the circuit. It because the impedance comes into picture only when there is a frequency dependent element like inductor or ... Read More

Grounding, also called earthing, is defined as a process of connecting non-current carrying parts like metallic frame of electrical device or some electrical parts of power system like neutral point of a star-connected system to earth or ground. The main purpose of doing grounding in electrical systems is to prevent accidents and damage to the equipment of the system. In this article, we shall discuss about grounding conductor and how to calculate right size of the grounding conductor according to the requirement What is a Grounding Conductor? A wire or conductor in an electrical system which is intentionally connected to ... Read More