Introduction Human body is a coordinated system of complex organs that work in tandem to keep this machinery going. Two such organs are the pharynx and the larynx. The pharynx is the backbone of the respiratory and digestive system while the larynx makes respiration possible. Additionally, it houses the vocal cords of the human body. However, they differ significantly in their structures, anatomy, and mechanisms. Images coming soon Pharynx The pharynx, more commonly known as the throat, serves the dual function of the digestive as well as the respiratory system of the human body. Its main purpose in the body ... Read More

Introduction All living organisms possess organs and organelles. It is most important structurally, biologically, and functionally. There are several types of organs are present in the human body to do specific functions. Basically, organs are the collection of tissues. In advanced animals, organs are grouped into an organ system. Organelles are present inside the cells and they perform various functions. The nucleus is one of the important organelles present in the cytoplasm. It is present in eukaryotic cells and contains genetic materials in the cells. Ribosomes, Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc are the different types of organelles. In this tutorial, we ... Read More

Introduction All living organisms need to be provided with essential nutrients, O and other important substances and other harmful substances should be continuously removed from the body. This is achieved with the help of the circulatory system present in almost all multicellular organisms. Mostly two types of circulatory systems exist namely − Open circulatory system - Blood flows through a large vessel in open spaces. The network of vessels is absent in this system. Closed circulatory system - Blood flows through a defined path with the help of a well-developed vessel system. Features of circulatory system Circulatory ... Read More

Introduction Earth is distinctive in its abundance of water and there are several water bodies on the earth including rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, gulfs, streams, and more. Oceans are large water bodies and cover the majority of the area on the earth. These are significant in various aspects such as marine ecosystems, weather, aquatic trade, and world exploration, and two million species existing in the oceans that have specific adaptations and life. Oceans and seas play a vital role in weather and climate patterns and they contribute some ecological functions and supply food, medicine, and other needs for humans. They ... Read More

Introduction Blood present in the human body is the fluid connective tissue that mainly serves the function of the transportation of the different nutrients, proteins, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. The two main types of cells that are present in human blood are red blood cells and white blood cells. The white blood cells which are also known as leukocytes are mainly responsible for providing defence mechanisms in the human body against different types of invaders. The white blood cells present in the human body can further be of 5 types. These five types of white blood cells are eosinophil, basophil, ... Read More

Introduction Humans need the energy to carry out life processes. We are dependent on plants for food. Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis in the plant cell. Chloroplast captures light energy and makes sugar by the process of photosynthesis. When we consume food produced by plants, mitochondria generate energy in the form of ATP using nutrients and oxygen through a process known as cellular respiration. Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria and chloroplast are double-membrane organelles found in eukaryotic cells. Both organelles contain DNA and ribosomes and can carry out replication independent of the nucleus. Mitochondria Mitochondria ... Read More

Introduction There are two cycles of viral reproduction. Viral reproduction cycles are the two cycles by which viruses reproduce inside host cells. One is a lytic cycle, while the other one is a lysogenic cycle. The viruses reproducing through this mode of viral reproduction are bacterial viruses or bacteriophages. Bacteriophages that divide via lytic cycle are known as virulent phages, whereas bacteriophages that divide via lysogenic cycle are known as temperate phages. In the lytic cycle, the DNA of the virus is inside the bacterial cell, but it exists as a free molecule and then replicates separately from the host ... Read More

Introduction Kingdom Plantae is a vast group which includes all the plants on the globe along with some algae. They are usually chlorophyll-containing, multicellular, autotrophic, primary food producers in the ecosystem. Kingdom Plantae is divided into many subgroups due to its vastness. Their classification is based on the plant structure, vascular system and seed development. Kingdom Plantae is subdivided into two divisions such as Cryptogamae and Phanerogamae. Angiosperm and gymnosperm are two groups that come under the subkingdom called phanerogams. They are seed-bearing plants with a vascular system. The Vascular system is nothing but the presence of vascular tissues like ... Read More

Introduction to Bt Crops Bt crops are genetically modified crops. Bt is a gram-positive soil bacteria that produce insecticides naturally. The insect-resistance soil bacteria is known as Bacillus thuringiensis. The bacteria produce insecticides when oxygen and nutrients are insufficient for their vegetative growth. At this time bacteria, sporulates and spore contains one or more insecticides. Bt bacteria produces three types of insecticides proteins namely cry proteins, cyt proteins, and vip proteins. These three proteins' insecticides are effective against different types of insecticides. Although these three components are effective against insecticides cry protein is considered to be the most effective for ... Read More

Introduction The phylum Bryophyta is a group of ~12, 000-14, 000 species of non-vascular plants represented by the mosses, the liverworts, and the hornworts, belonging to the sub-kingdom Embryophyta. These are non-woody herbaceous plants with a relatively small and simple body structure. Famously referred to as the “amphibians of the plant kingdom”, these plants hold significant ecological and economic importance. General features of Bryophytes Bryophytes are the “amphibians of the plant kingdom” because they require a lot of moisture and humidity for their growth Body organization may be leafy and thalloid. The leafy forms have simple leaf-like ... Read More