The instruction cycle is the process a microprocessor goes through to process an instruction. First, the microprocessor fetches or reads, the instruction from the memory. Therefore it decodes the instruction, determining which instruction it has fetched. Finally, it implements the operations required to execute the instruction. Each of these functions ... Read More

A bus is a set of wires. The elements of the computer are linked to the buses. It can transfer data from one element to another, the source element outputs data onto the bus. The destination element then inputs this information from the bus. As the complexity of a computer ... Read More

The optical disk storage system includes a rotating disk coated with a diminished layer of metal that facilitates a reflective surface and a laser beam, which is used as a read/write head for recording information onto the disk. Unlike magnetic disk, the optical layer consists of a single long track ... Read More

Magnetic tape transport includes the robotic, mechanical, and electronic components to support the methods and control structure for a magnetic tape unit. The tape is a layer of plastic coated with a magnetic documentation medium.Magnetic tapes are used in most organizations to save data files. Magnetic tapes use a read-write ... Read More

A magnetic disk is a storage device that can be assumed as the shape of a Gramophone record. This disk is coated on both sides with a thin film of Magnetic material. This magnetic material has the property that it can store either ‘1’ or ‘0] permanently. The magnetic material ... Read More

In a multiprogramming system, the main memory is broken into two parts as one part for the operating system (resident monitor) ad one part for the program currently being implemented. In a multiprogramming system, the “user” part of memory is divided to contain various processes. The task of the subdivision ... Read More

LatchA latch is a device with particularly two stable states and these states are high-output and low-output. A latch has a feedback direction, to maintain the data. Latches can be memory devices and can save one bit of information. It is used to “latch onto” data and save it in ... Read More

Classic mask-programmed ROM chips are joined circuits that physically encode the information to be saved, and therefore it is inaccessible to modify their contents after fabrication. Several methods of non-volatile solid-state memory allow some degree of modification −Programmable read-only memory (PROM) − It is a one-time programmable ROM (OTP) and ... Read More

Convex was the first device produce to commercialize a CC-NUMA machine, known as the SPP1000. SPP represents a Scalable Parallel Processor. The goals of the SPP Exemplar series are to make a family of high-implementation computers where the multiple processors can simply range from 10 to 1000 and the peak ... Read More

The Wisconsin multicube architecture employs row and column buses constructing a two-dimensional grid structure as shown in the figure. The three-dimensional generalization will appear in a cube structure.It can describe the cache coherence protocol of the Wisconsin multicube architecture, the following definitions must be given −Possible state of blocks in ... Read More