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Articles by Samual Sam
Page 33 of 151
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cables, commonly called coax, are copper cables with metal shielding designed to provide immunity against noise and greater bandwidth. Coax can transmit signals over larger distances at a higher speed as compared to twisted pair cables. Structure of Coaxial Cables Coax has a central core of stiff copper conductor for transmitting signals. This is covered by an insulating material. The insulator is encased by a closely woven braided metal outer conductor that acts as a shield against noise. The outer conductor is again enclosed by a plastic insulating cover. Coaxial Cable Structure ...
Read MoreFiber Optic Communications
In fiber optic communication, data is transmitted from the source to the destination by sending light pulses through optical fibers. It changes electrical pulses to light signals and vice versa for communication. Fiber optic communications are preferred when a huge amount of data needs to be transmitted across large distances. Fiber Optic Communication Process Electrical Input Transmitter (LED/Laser) E→L Convert ...
Read MoreFiber Cables
Optical fiber cables are transparent, flexible fibers made of glass or plastic that transmit data using light waves. These cables form the backbone of modern high-speed internet, telecommunications, and data center networks due to their superior bandwidth and transmission capabilities. Fiber Optic Cable Bundle Individual fibers Protective Sheath Multiple glass/plastic fibers bundled in protective coating Structure ...
Read MoreWhat is cumulative acknowledgement?
In data communications, when a receiver receives a message, it sends an acknowledgement back to the sender to notify it about correct receipt of the message. Cumulative acknowledgement is a process in which the receiver sends a single acknowledgement in response to a finite number of frames received. Through this, the receiver acknowledges that it has correctly received all previous frames or packets. When the sender receives an acknowledgement for frame n, it understands correct delivery of frames n − 1, n − 2 and so on. Cumulative acknowledgement is used along with sliding window protocols. It reduces the ...
Read MorePacket over SONET
Packet over SONET (POS) is a networking standard that enables the transmission of IP packets over SONET/SDH optical networks. SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking) serves as the physical layer protocol for high-speed optical fiber communications, while POS provides the mechanism to carry Internet Protocol traffic over this infrastructure. POS utilizes the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) as an intermediary layer to encapsulate IP packets into SONET frames. PPP is a data link layer protocol designed for direct connections between two network nodes, making it ideal for high-speed, point-to-point communications over optical links. Packet over SONET Protocol Stack ...
Read MoreSerial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) is a simple protocol that works with TCP/IP for communication over serial ports and routers. They provide communications between machines that were previously configured for direct communication with each other. For example, a client may be connected to the Internet service provider (ISP) with a slower SLIP line. When a service is required, the client places a request to the ISP. The ISP responds to the request and passes it over to the Internet via high speed multiplexed lines. The ISP then sends the results back to the client via the SLIP lines. ...
Read MoreBandwidth-Limited Signals
The range of frequencies that are used for transmitting a signal without being substantially attenuated is called the bandwidth. It is calculated as the difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies and is expressed in Hertz (Hz). For example, if the minimum frequency is 100 Hz and the maximum frequency is 1000 Hz, the bandwidth will be 900 Hz. The bandwidth of a transmission medium is the frequency width of the medium and depends on its physical characteristics like thickness, material, and length. For example, the bandwidth of a coaxial cable is typically 750 MHz. ...
Read MoreRemovable Media in Computer Network
The primary purpose of computer networks is to transfer data from a source machine to a destination machine. One of the elementary ways to transfer data between machines is to use removable storage media. This method, often called "sneakernet, " involves physical transportation of storage devices between computers. How It Works The data transfer process using removable media follows these steps: Copy data from the source computer to the removable storage device Physically transport the removable device to the destination computer Copy data from the removable device to the destination computer ...
Read MoreWhat is a Fourier Analysis?
Fourier analysis is a method of representing general functions by approximate sum of simple trigonometric functions. The method is named after mathematician Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier who formulated and proved the Fourier series. Fourier analysis is used in electronics, communications and acoustics. The Fourier series decomposes a periodic function as a sum of sine and cosine components as expressed below: g(t) = c + Σ[a_n sin(2πnft) + b_n cos(2πnft)] n=1 ∞ where, g(t) is the periodic function T is the time period f is the ...
Read MorePower line communications (PLC)
Power Line Communications (PLC) is a technology that enables data transmission over the same electrical conductors used for delivering electrical power. This innovative approach eliminates the need for separate communication cables by utilizing existing power infrastructure. PLCs operate by adding a modulated carrier signal to the power line, which is achieved by superimposing high-frequency data signals over the low-frequency power signal. While electrical power typically transmits at 50-60 Hz, data signals operate in the MHz frequency range, allowing both to coexist without interference. Power Line Communications are also referred to as power line carrier, power line digital subscriber ...
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