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Logs are a crucial component of any Linux system, as they provide a record of system activity, including system events, user actions, and system processes. journalctl is a command-line utility for viewing and managing logs on Linux systems using the systemd initialization system. It provides powerful filtering and formatting capabilities to help administrators monitor system health and troubleshoot issues effectively. Basic journalctl Commands The journalctl command can view and filter system logs for all system services, the kernel, and specific services or users. It can display the entire journal, view logs from a specific boot, or filter logs ... Read More
Apache Spark is a widely used distributed computing framework for big data processing. It provides a flexible and scalable solution for processing large amounts of data in a timely manner. However, deploying and managing a Spark cluster can be a challenging task, especially for those who are new to the field of big data. In recent years, Bare Metal Cloud (BMC) providers have emerged as a promising solution for running distributed systems. BMCs provide the benefits of cloud computing, such as flexible resource allocation, while also providing the performance benefits of dedicated hardware. This article discusses how to automate ... Read More
As we increasingly depend on digital media for storing our important files, we tend to accumulate a large number of files over time. It can be challenging to manage these files, particularly when we have multiple copies of the same file that can consume storage space. Unix provides several powerful command-line methods to find and remove duplicate files, saving both time and disk space. In this article, we will explore various approaches to find duplicate files in Unix and demonstrate the terminal commands that can be used for each method. These approaches allow you to choose the method that ... Read More
Changing the default shell in Linux is a common administrative task that gives you the flexibility to use different command-line interfaces. The default shell of most Linux systems is bash, but you can replace it with alternatives such as sh, fish, dash, or zsh. There are several reasons why you might need to change your default shell: To disable or block normal user logins using a nologin shell. Change the default shell on a shared network to meet specific user requirements. Implement shell wrapper programs that control command execution until proper authentication. This guide covers all ... Read More
User Interface Design (UI Design) is the process of creating interfaces for software applications, websites, and digital systems that users interact with directly. It establishes how users will interact with a product by designing visual elements, controls, and interactive components that facilitate task completion. The main objective of UI design is to enhance the product's appearance, improve the quality of user interaction, and maximize usability. It encompasses both the visual aspects users see (screens, buttons, icons) and the interaction methods (clicks, gestures, commands) they use to control the system. UI design focuses on the aesthetic and functional aspects ... Read More
Network File System (NFS) is a distributed filesystem protocol that allows you to access shared folders from remote systems over a network. NFS enables you to mount remote directories as if they were local, providing a seamless way to share storage space between multiple clients across different locations. To complete this setup, you will need two Ubuntu 16.04 systems with sudo privileges connected via a private network — one acting as the NFS server and another as the NFS client. Installing NFS Server Package On the server machine, install the nfs-kernel-server package which enables directory sharing capabilities. ... Read More
Debian 10 (Buster) is a reliable and secure server operating system known for its stability, security, and open-source nature. A minimal server installation provides a stripped-down version without graphical interface or unnecessary software, making it ideal for custom server configurations tailored to specific needs. Before proceeding, note that installing a Debian 10 minimal server requires basic Linux command-line knowledge. If you're new to Linux, consider starting with a desktop version like Debian 10 GNOME before moving to the minimal installation. Prerequisites Basic understanding of Linux command line USB drive with at least 4GB capacity Target server ... Read More
A process is defined as a program in execution and an entity that represents the basic unit of work to be implemented in the system. Understanding the difference between process switch and mode switch is crucial for comprehending how operating systems manage CPU resources and maintain system security. Process Switch A process switch (also called context switch) occurs when the processor switches from one thread/process to another thread or process. It involves saving the contents of CPU registers and instruction pointer for the current process. For the new task, the registers and instruction pointer are loaded into ... Read More
Tmux is a terminal multiplexer for Unix-based operating systems that enables multiple terminal sessions within a single window. It is particularly valuable when working with cloud-based services like AWS or Azure, allowing users to create separate terminal sessions for different tasks or remote users while maintaining persistent connections. When working with web services, you often need to create an EC2 instance on a web server and establish a session to work remotely. Tmux ensures that your work continues even if your connection drops, as sessions remain active on the server. Getting Started with AWS EC2 Here are ... Read More
In the world of IT, efficiency is key. Whether it's managing a data center, deploying a new software update, or configuring new hardware, streamlining processes can make all the difference. One of the most important areas where this is true is in the installation and configuration of operating systems. And when it comes to deploying multiple instances of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), there's no better solution than automated installations using PXE server and Kickstart files. What is PXE Server? PXE (Preboot Execution Environment) is a network protocol that allows a computer to boot from a server on ... Read More