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Client-Server Computing is a distributed computing model where clients request resources and servers provide those resources. A server can serve multiple clients simultaneously, while each client typically communicates with one server at a time. Both components usually communicate via a computer network, though they may reside on the same system. Client-Server Architecture Server Client 1 Client 2 ... Read More
When multiple processes are suspended on a condition variable x and an x.signal() operation is executed, we must determine which suspended process should be resumed next. A simple solution uses first-come, first-served (FCFS) ordering, where the longest-waiting process is resumed first. However, this approach is often inadequate for complex scheduling requirements. Conditional-Wait Construct The conditional-wait construct provides a more sophisticated scheduling mechanism with the form: x.wait(c); Here, c is an integer expression evaluated when the wait() operation executes. The value of c, called a priority number, is stored with the suspended process name. When ... Read More
Output redirection allows us to send the output of processes to files and standard streams (stdout and stderr) simultaneously. This is essential for logging, debugging, and monitoring system activities in Unix-like operating systems. The tee Command The tee command is a fundamental Linux utility that reads from standard input and writes to both standard output and one or more files simultaneously. It acts like a T-junction in plumbing, splitting the data flow into multiple directions. Redirect stdout Here's a simple example redirecting the output of the ls command to both stdout and a file: ... Read More
The split command in Linux is a powerful utility used to divide large files into smaller, more manageable chunks. This is particularly useful when dealing with log files, databases, or large datasets that need to be processed in smaller portions or transferred across systems with size limitations. How the Split Command Works The split command reads an input file and creates multiple output files based on specified criteria such as number of lines, file size, or patterns. By default, it generates files with alphabetical suffixes starting from aa, ab, ac, and so on. Basic Syntax ... Read More
RHEL 8 (Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8) is a popular Linux-based operating system used by many organizations for their servers and workstations. In RHEL 8, IP (Internet Protocol) addresses can be set dynamically or statically. A dynamic IP address is assigned automatically by a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server, while a static IP address is manually configured by the user. In this article, we will discuss three ways to set a static IP address in RHEL 8. Using Network Manager GUI The Network Manager GUI is a graphical user interface that makes it easy to manage network ... Read More
Knowing how to create a dockerfile and build a docker image using that dockerfile, we can move ahead and dive deep into more advanced ways to manipulate docker containers. When we talk about manipulating docker containers, we include running, listing, restarting, cleaning up the dangling containers, running containers in interactive and detached modes, creating containers using executable images, executing commands inside docker containers using exec command and starting a bash inside a container, accessing logs from a docker container and killing or stopping a docker container. Without any further ado, let's dive deep into manipulating docker containers. Running ... Read More
Network File System (NFS) is a distributed file system protocol that enables remote clients to access shared files over a network as if they were stored locally. Installing and configuring an NFS server on Ubuntu 18.04 allows you to create centralized file storage for multiple Linux systems on your network. Prerequisites Before proceeding, ensure you have root privileges or sudo access on your Ubuntu 18.04 system. You should also know the IP addresses of client machines that will access the NFS shares. Step 1: Update System Packages First, update your system's package repository and upgrade existing ... Read More
Docker images can be transferred from one host to another without using a repository like Docker Hub. While pushing to a registry is the standard approach, there are several alternative methods that allow direct image transfer between machines without creating accounts or managing repositories. These methods are particularly useful for offline environments, private networks, or when you need to quickly share images without internet access. Let's explore the most effective techniques for copying Docker images directly between hosts. Method 1 − Saving and Loading from TAR Files Docker provides built-in commands to export images as compressed TAR ... Read More
Docker containers are widely used in development workflows for building, distributing, testing, and deploying applications. They enable developer collaboration, version management, and local testing by hosting applications on containerized servers. This article demonstrates how to run a static website on an Apache server inside a Docker container and access it through your local browser. A static website consists of HTML, CSS, and minimal JavaScript without dynamic content rendering. Project Structure First, create the following directory structure − project-folder/ ├── Dockerfile └── mysite/ └── index.html Creating the Static Website ... Read More
Deadlock prevention and avoidance are crucial techniques in operating systems to ensure continuous operation without system-wide halts. Deadlocks can cause data loss, system downtime, and reduced productivity, making these techniques essential for maintaining system availability and reliability. What is Deadlock? A deadlock is a situation where two or more processes are unable to proceed because they are waiting for each other to release resources. This creates a circular dependency where processes remain stuck in a waiting state, causing a system-wide halt. Deadlock occurs when four conditions are met simultaneously: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular ... Read More