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Unix Articles
Page 4 of 6
How to Convert an Image to Grayscale From Bash?
Converting images to grayscale is a common image processing task that can be easily accomplished using command-line tools in Bash. This tutorial will show you several methods to convert images to grayscale using popular image manipulation utilities. Using ImageMagick ImageMagick is one of the most powerful and widely used command-line tools for image manipulation. Before you can use it, you must install it on your system. In Ubuntu, you can install it using apt as − # Debian/Ubuntu $ sudo apt install imagemagick # RedHat/CentOS $ sudo dnf install ImageMagick After installation, here are some of the methods ...
Read MoreHow to Add File Extension to Files From Bash?
In an operating system, file extensions usually help identify file types and ensure proper handling by applications. When working with files in a Unix-like operating system including Linux, you may encounter situations where files sometimes lack extensions, making it difficult to identify their types or open them with the appropriate applications. Fortunately, Bash, the default shell on many Linux distributions, provides powerful tools to simplify the process of adding file extensions. This tutorial will guide you through various options that you can use to add file extensions to files using Bash. Adding File Extension using the mv Command The simplest ...
Read MoreHow to Install Artix Linux in VirtualBox?
Artix Linux is a fast, customizable and user-friendly Linux distribution based on Arch Linux. It is now more stable and secure than its predecessors while using real init systems instead of systemd. Artix Linux can be installed either by console (text-based) or GUI installer. Although GUI installers are an easier and faster option at least for beginners and novice users. In this article, we'll cover installation of Artix Linux via GUI installer method. Besides there are some pre-requisites that you need to have on your system before beginning the installation, which we'll cover next. Prerequisites Ensure that VirtualBox is installed ...
Read MoreHow to Configure CentOS Local Yum Repository?
Yum repository is a central database of software that is used for installation/upgrade of packages on a Red Hat/CentOS based Linux server. This repository includes software that are used by system as well as for user level programs. An administrator can set-up a custom local yum repository instead of using the default ones provided by the OS for several reasons like: to provide normal or specialized software packages possibly in a restricted network environment; to maintain version levels across a set of servers; to optimize network bandwidth usage; to adhere to organization policy for maintaining security or possibly a combination ...
Read MoreHow to Change Apache Port in Linux?
Apache HTTP server (often called Apache) is an open-source, cross-platform web server developed by Apache Software Foundation. It is one of the most popular web servers available used for hosting web sites and serving web content. By default, Apache works on port 80/tcp for HTTP and 443/tcp for HTTPS. There are situations (like security considerations, port conflicts with other programs or need to run multiple web servers) where one may need to modify these default ports which the web server listens on. Changing Apache Port on Linux Read this tutorial to learn how to change HTTP port for Apache on ...
Read MoreUsing Secure Copy Protocol to Copy and Transfer Files in Linux
Secure Copy Protocol (scp) helps to securely transfer files between hosts on a network. It relies on SSH (secure shell) using SFTP protocol to create a secure connection and encrypt the data during transit whether it is a single file or whole directory. scp uses the same authentication as SSH and provides the same security as a login session. It'll prompt for password or passphrases, if required. If SSH keys are configured between local and remote systems for the involved user(s), scp can run without any prompts to the user. This article will show you how you can ...
Read MoreHow to Install VirtualBox on CentOS?
VirtualBox is an open-source, cross-platform virtualization tool by Oracle which allows us to create and run multiple operating systems simultaneously on a single physical machine. As a Type-2 Hypervisor, VirtualBox is installed on top of an operating system such as Windows, Linux or Mac and provides both headless interface and GUI (Graphical User Interface) for creating and managing virtual machines. Installing VirtualBox Step-by-step process for installing VirtualBox on a CentOS 9 machine is as follows: Initially, check if your system supports virtualization with the command below: $ lscpu | grep -i virtualization Virtualization type: full $ In case, there’s ...
Read MoreHow to Change PATH Permanently on Ubuntu?
On all Linux-based systems, PATH is the name of a crucial environment variable which is used by shell to look for executable files before running any command. The PATH variable contains a list of directories where different system and user-based programs are available. This variable sometimes needs to be updated to include additional custom directories, to allow running executables from new location without specifying the absolute path of the executable (or first changing to its parent directory). For example, instead of specifying the absolute path for Python like /usr/bin/python3, you can simply write python3 because /usr/bin is part of the ...
Read MoreHiding Text Input on Linux Terminal
In any Linux terminal, you usually get a prompt to type commands and get their outputs. For some commands and scripts, you may need inputs which are usually provided by the user by typing on the terminal. For normal commands or text inputs, we can see whatever is typed on the terminal. But there are some cases where we don't want to display these input text on screen for security reasons, like preventing any sensitive information such as passwords, keys or personal data from getting exposed. Linux terminal allows us to prevent printing of typed characters on screen for this ...
Read MoreDNS Caching in Linux
DNS is the backbone of modern Internet infrastructure. DNS stands for Domain Name System which is a system that translates domain names into IP addresses. There are different types of DNS queries and hierarchy of DNS servers that resolve DNS queries. Like any query, DNS queries also introduces some latency which could affect application performance and end-user satisfaction, if the delay adds up significantly. What is DNS Caching? DNS caching is a critical mechanism that improves network performance and reduces unnecessary network traffic. By storing previously resolved domain names locally, DNS cache helps speed up web browsing, network applications, and ...
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