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Unix Articles
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Linux and Unix Test Disk I/O Performance with DD Command
The DD command is a powerful command-line utility in Linux and Unix systems that can test hard disk I/O performance by measuring read and write speeds. This article demonstrates how to use DD command to benchmark your storage device performance effectively. What is DD Command? DD is a command-line utility for Unix and Unix-like operating systems where the primary purpose is to copy and convert files. It reads from an input source and writes to an output destination, making it ideal for disk performance testing by creating controlled I/O operations. Testing Write Performance Open your Linux ...
Read MorePerformance Monitoring with Monitorix on Ubuntu 16.04
Monitorix is a free, open-source, lightweight system monitoring tool designed to monitor as many services and system resources as possible. It has been created for production Linux/UNIX servers but due to its simplicity and small size, it can also be used on embedded devices. This article explains how to install and configure Monitorix on Ubuntu 16.04. Features of Monitorix Monitorix provides comprehensive monitoring capabilities including CPU usage, memory consumption, disk I/O, network traffic, system load, and various services. It generates detailed graphs and reports accessible through a web interface, making it easy to track system performance over time. ...
Read MoreWorking with tmux session
Tmux is a terminal multiplexer for Unix-based operating systems that enables multiple terminal sessions within a single window. It is particularly valuable when working with cloud-based services like AWS or Azure, allowing users to create separate terminal sessions for different tasks or remote users while maintaining persistent connections. When working with web services, you often need to create an EC2 instance on a web server and establish a session to work remotely. Tmux ensures that your work continues even if your connection drops, as sessions remain active on the server. Getting Started with AWS EC2 Here are ...
Read MoreDifference between CSH and BASH
CSH and BASH are two prominent command-line shells in Unix and Linux systems. A shell acts as an interface between users and the operating system, allowing users to execute commands and run programs. Both shells provide interactive command-line environments and scripting capabilities, but they differ significantly in syntax, features, and usage patterns. What is CSH? CSH (C Shell) was developed by Bill Joy at the University of California, Berkeley, in the late 1970s. It was designed to provide a more user-friendly alternative to the original Bourne shell, with syntax inspired by the C programming language. Key Features ...
Read MoreDifference between DOS and Unix
DOS and Unix are two fundamentally different operating systems that represent distinct eras and approaches in computing. DOS is designed for single-user, single-tasking environments on x86 computers, while Unix is a multi-user, multi-tasking system that supports various hardware platforms. What is DOS? DOS (Disk Operating System) is a single-user operating system originally developed by Tim Patterson as 86-DOS in 1980. Microsoft acquired it and released MS-DOS in 1981, making it the primary OS for early personal computers before Windows. DOS operates through a command-line interface (CLI) and is written in C and x86 assembly language. It features ...
Read MoreHow to Find Duplicate Files in Unix?
As we increasingly depend on digital media for storing our important files, we tend to accumulate a large number of files over time. It can be challenging to manage these files, particularly when we have multiple copies of the same file that can consume storage space. Unix provides several powerful command-line methods to find and remove duplicate files, saving both time and disk space. In this article, we will explore various approaches to find duplicate files in Unix and demonstrate the terminal commands that can be used for each method. These approaches allow you to choose the method that ...
Read MoreDifferent types of system calls
The interface between a process and an operating system is provided by system calls. In general, system calls are available as assembly language instructions. They are also included in the manuals used by the assembly level programmers. System calls are usually made when a process in user mode requires access to a resource. Then it requests the kernel to provide the resource via a system call. Types of System Calls There are mainly five types of system calls. These are explained in detail as follows − Types of System Calls ...
Read MoreWhat is the difference between time.clock() and time.time()?
The function time.time() returns the time in seconds since the epoch, i.e., the point where the time starts. For Unix and Windows, the epoch is January 1, 1970 (UTC). The function time.clock() was used to measure processor time on Unix and wall-clock time on Windows. However, time.clock() was deprecated in Python 3.3 and removed in Python 3.8. The recommended replacements are time.perf_counter() for wall-clock timing and time.process_time() for CPU time. Syntax import time time.time() # Wall-clock time since epoch time.perf_counter() # ...
Read MoreHow to Create a New Ext4 File System in Linux?
Creating a new Ext4 file system in Linux involves formatting a partition with the Ext4 file system type. This is essential when adding new storage or repurposing existing partitions. In this tutorial, we'll explore how to identify available file systems, examine current partitions, and format a partition with Ext4. Available Filesystem Types First, let's check what file system tools are available on your system. The following command lists all the file system creation utilities ? $ ls -1 /sbin/mkfs* /sbin/mkfs /sbin/mkfs.bfs /sbin/mkfs.cramfs /sbin/mkfs.ext2 /sbin/mkfs.ext3 /sbin/mkfs.ext4 /sbin/mkfs.ext4dev /sbin/mkfs.fat /sbin/mkfs.minix /sbin/mkfs.msdos /sbin/mkfs.ntfs /sbin/mkfs.vfat ...
Read MoreWindows Anonymous Pipe
Windows anonymous pipes are unidirectional communication channels that enable data transfer between parent and child processes. They behave similarly to UNIX pipes but use Windows-specific APIs. Reading and writing operations are performed using standard ReadFile() and WriteFile() functions. Syntax BOOL CreatePipe( PHANDLE hReadPipe, // Read handle PHANDLE hWritePipe, // Write handle LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES sa, // Security attributes DWORD nSize ...
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