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Page 2031 of 2109
Support for line-oriented command interpreters in Pytho
The cmd module contains only one class called Cmd. This is used as base class for a user defined framework for line oriented command line interpreters.CmdAn object of this class or its subclass provides the line oriented interpreter framework. Important methods of this class inherited by the subclass are listed below.cmdloop()This method sends the object in a loop, accepts inputs and sends the same to appropriate command handler method in the class.As the loop starts an introductory message (give as parameter to cmdloop() method) will be displayed with a default (cmd) prompt which may be customized by prompt attribute.The interpreter ...
Read MoreHigh-level file operations in Python (shutil)
A number of functions for hgh level operations on files and directories have been defined in shutil module of Python’s standard library.copy()This function copies a file to a specified file in same or other directory. First parameter to the function is a string representation of existing file. Second argument is either name of resultant file or directory. If it is a directory, the file is coped in it with same name. The metadata of original file is not maintained.>>> import shutil >>> shutil.copy("hello.py", "newdir/") 'newdir/hello.py'copy2()This function is similar to copy() function except for the fact that it retains metadata of ...
Read MoreFile and Directory Comparisons in Python
Python’s standard library has filecmp module that defines functions for comparison of files and directories. This comparison takes into consideration the properties of files in addition to data in them.Example codes in this article use following file and directory structure.Two directories dir1 and dir2 are first created under current working directory. They contain following files.--dir1/newfile.txt-- This is a file in dir1 --dir1/file1.txt-- Hello Python --dir1/file2.txt-- Python Standard Library --dir2/file1.txt-- Hello Python --dir2/file2.txt-- Python LibraryLet us now describe various comparison functions in filecmp module.filecmp.cmp(f1, f2, shallow=True)This function compares the two files and returns True if they are identical, False otherwise. The ...
Read MorePrefix sum array in python using accumulate function
Given an array and we have to do the prefix sum array using accumulate function.itertools.accumulate(iterable[, func]) module functions all construct and return iterators. So they should only be accessed by functions or loops that truncate the stream. Make an iterator that returns accumulated sums. Elements may be any addable type including Decimal or Fraction. If the optional function argument is supplied, it should be a function of two arguments and it will be used instead of addition.ExampleInput Data = [1, 0, 2, 3, 5] >>> list(accumulate(data)) # running summation Output [1, 1, 3, 6, 11]AlgorithmStep 1: Create list. Step 2: ...
Read MoreC++ Program to Implement Queue using Linked List
A queue is an abstract data structure that contains a collection of elements. Queue implements the FIFO mechanism i.e the element that is inserted first is also deleted first. In other words, the least recently added element is removed first in a queue.A program that implements the queue using linked list is given as follows −Example#include using namespace std; struct node { int data; struct node *next; }; struct node* front = NULL; struct node* rear = NULL; struct node* temp; void Insert() { int val; coutdata = val; front = rear; ...
Read MoreC++ Program to Remove all Characters in a String Except Alphabets
A string is a one-dimensional character array that is terminated by a null character. It may contain characters, digits, special symbols etc.A program to remove all characters in a string except alphabets is given as follows.Example#include using namespace std; int main() { char str[100] = "String@123!!"; int i, j; cout
Read MoreHow do I print a double value with full precision using cout in C++?
The output stream cout allows using manipulators that you can use to set the precision directly on cout and use the fixed format specifier. To get the full precision of a double, you can use the limits library. For example,Example#include #include using namespace std; int main() { // Get numeric limits of double typedef std::numeric_limits< double > dbl; double PI = 3.14159265358979; cout.precision(dbl::max_digits10); cout
Read MoreDifference between private, public, and protected modifiers in C++
Data hiding is one of the important features of Object Oriented Programming which allows preventing the functions of a program to access directly the internal representation of a class type. The access restriction to the class members is specified by the labeled access modifiers − public, private, and protected sections within the class body.The default access for members and classes is private.Exampleclass Base { public: // public members go here protected: // protected members go here private: // private members go here };A public member is accessible from anywhere outside the class but within a program. ...
Read MoreWhat's the difference between "STL" and "C++ Standard Library"?
The Standard Template Library (STL) is a software library for the C++ programming language that influenced many parts of the C++ Standard Library. It provides four components called algorithms, containers, functions, and iterators. Note that the term "STL" or "Standard Template Library" does not show up anywhere in the ISO 14882 C++ standard. So referring to the C++ standard library as STL is wrong, ie, STL and C++ Standard Library are 2 different things with the former being the subset of the latter.The STL consists ofContainersThe STL contains sequence containers and associative containers. Containers are objects that store data. The ...
Read MoreWhat does the explicit keyword mean in C++?
The explicit keyword in C++ is used to mark constructors to not implicitly convert types. For example, if you have a class Foo −class Foo { public: Foo(int n); // allocates n bytes to the Foo object Foo(const char *p); // initialize object with char *p };Now if you tryFoo mystring = 'x';The char 'x' is implicitly converted to int and then will call the Foo(int) constructor. But this is not what was intended. So to prevent such conditions and make the code less error-prone, define the constructor as explicit −Example class Foo { public: ...
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