Whenever we want to remove the tedious long importing paths of functions that we want to invoke, either from the same function or from a different module, we can make use of the super and self keywords provided in Rust.These keywords help in removing the ambiguity when we want to access the items and also prevent unnecessary hardcoding of paths.ExampleConsider a simple example shown below:fn function() {    println!("called `function()`"); } mod cool {    pub fn function() {       println!("called `cool::function()`");    } } mod my {    fn function() {       println!("called `my::function()`");   ... Read More

Structs in Rust are user-defined data types. They contain fields that are used to define their particular instance.We defined structs with the help of the struct keyword followed by the name we want for the struct. The name of the struct should describe the significance of the pieces of data that we are grouping together inside it.Syntaxstruct Employee {    id: i32,    name: String,    leaves: i8, }The above syntax contains the name of the struct and inside the curly braces, we have different fields, namely, id which is of type i32, name and leaves.Creating an InstanceTo create an ... Read More

Structs in Rust contains an extra level of visibility. These can be modified by the developers as per his/her convenience.In a normal scenario, the visibility of the struct in Rust is private and it can be made public by making use of the pub modifier.It should be noted that this case of visibility only makes sense when we are trying to access the struct fields from outside the module, from where it is defined.When we are hiding the fields of the struct, we are simply trying to encapsulate the data.ExampleConsider the example shown below −mod my {    // A ... Read More

Slices in Rust are a collection of elements of the same data type T, but unlike arrays, it is not necessary that their length is known at compile time.In Rust, a slice is a two-word object, where the first word is actually a pointer to the data and the second word is simply the length of the slice.Slices are much safer to use than arrays, and they allow efficient access to an array without copying. Slices are created from an array, string. They can be both mutable and not. A slice generally refers to slice of an array or a ... Read More

There are two types of errors that occur in Rust, either a recoverable error or an unrecoverable error. We handle the unrecoverable errors with the help of panic!macro and the Result type along with others help in handling the recoverable errors.The Result type is a better version of the Option type which only describes the possible error instead of the possible absence.SignatureThe signature of Result Type is Result < T, E>and it can have only two outcomes.These are: Ok(T): An element T was found.Err(E): An error was found with an element E.Rust also provides different methods that we can associate with ... Read More

Taking care of arguments passed at the runtime is one of the key features of any programming language.In Rust, we access these arguments with the help of std::env::args, which returns an iterator that gives us a string for each passed argument.ExampleConsider the example shown below −use std::env; fn main() {    let args: Vec = env::args().collect();    // The first argument is the path that was used to call the program.    println!("My current directory path is {}.", args[0]);    println!("I got {:?} arguments: {:?}.", args.len() - 1, &args[1..]); }We can pass arguments like this −./args 1 2 3 4 ... Read More

Path struct in Rust is used to represent the file paths in the underlying filesystem. It should also be noted that a Path in Rust is not represented as a UTF-8 string; instead, it is stored as a vector of bytes (Vec).ExampleConsider the example shown below − Live Demouse std::path::Path; fn main() {    // Create a `Path` from an `&'static str`    let path = Path::new(".");    // The `display` method returns a `Show`able structure    let display = path.display();    // Check if the path exists    if path.exists() {       println!("{} exists", display);    } ... Read More

Handling critical errors in Rust is done with the help of panic! Macro. There are other ways to handle errors in Rust, but panic is unique in the sense that it is used to deal with unrecoverable errors.When we execute the panic! Macro, the whole program unwinds from the stack, and hence, it quits. Because of this manner with which the program quits, we commonly use panic! for unrecoverable errors.SyntaxThe syntax of calling a panic looks like this −panic!("An error was encountered");We usually pass a custom message inside the parentheses.ExampleConsider the code shown below as a reference − Live Demofn drink(beverage: ... Read More

Rust provides us with a match keyword that can be used for pattern matching. It is similar to the switch statement in C, and the first arm that matches is evaluated.ExampleConsider the example shown below −fn main() {    let number = 17;    println!("Tell me about {}", number);    match number {       1 => println!("One!")       2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 11 => println!("A prime"),       13..=19 => println!("A teen"),       _ => println!("Ain't special"),    } }In the above example, we are trying to use a ... Read More

Rust provides a loop keyword that allows us to run an infinite loop. The infinite loop indicated by the help of the loop keyword can be broken by the use of the break keyword. Also, we can exit an iteration and continue the infinite loop with the help of the continue keyword.ExampleConsider the example shown below − Live Demofn main() {    let mut count = 0u32;    println!("Infinite loop begins!!");    // Infinite loop    loop {       count += 1;       if count == 4 {          println!("four");         ... Read More