Article Categories
- All Categories
-
Data Structure
-
Networking
-
RDBMS
-
Operating System
-
Java
-
MS Excel
-
iOS
-
HTML
-
CSS
-
Android
-
Python
-
C Programming
-
C++
-
C#
-
MongoDB
-
MySQL
-
Javascript
-
PHP
-
Economics & Finance
R Programming Articles
Page 88 of 174
How to increase the size of points on a scatterplot if the points are drawn based on another sequence using ggplot2 in R?
When we draw a scatterplot using ggplot2 with points based on a sequence of values then the size of the points might be very small for the small values. As a result, it becomes a little difficult to view the points. Therefore, we might want to increase the size of those points. It can be done by using scale_size_continuous function in which we can set a range for the points size.ExampleConsider the below data frame −x
Read MoreHow to find the difference between row values starting from bottom of an R data frame?
If an R data frame contains all numerical columns and we want to find the difference between row values then we will lose first row of the data frame because that will not be subtracted from any row. This can be done by using head function and minus sign. It will work as subtracting the second last row from the last row, then subtracting third last row from the second last row and so on.ExampleConsider the below data frame −x1
Read MoreHow to display mean inside boxplot created by using boxplot function in R?
A boxplot shows the median as a measure of center along with other values but we might want to compare the means as well. Therefore, showing mean with a point is likely to be preferred if we want to compare many boxplots. This can be done by using points(mean(“Vector_name”)), if we are plotting the columns of an R data frame then we will reference them instead of vector name.ExampleConsider the below data and the boxplot −x
Read MoreHow to convert the correlation matrix into a data frame with combination of variables and their correlations in R?
The cor function in R helps us to find the correlation matrix from a data frame or a matrix but the output of it always a matrix as intended. We might want to convert that matrix into a data frame which consists of all combination of variables with their correlation value. It can be done by reading the correlation matrix with as.table and converting that table into a data frame with as.data.frame.ExampleConsider the below data frame −x1
Read MoreHow to subset one or more sub-elements of a list in R?
A list contains different type of elements and each of the them can have varying elements. To subset these sub-elements we can use sapply function and use c to subset the number of corresponding sub-elements. For example, if we have a list that contains five elements and each of those elements have ten sub-elements then we can extract 1, 2, 3 etc elements from sub-elements.ExampleConsider the below list −x1
Read MoreHow to extract elements of a list that do not contain NULL in R?
A list sometimes contains NULL elements along with other elements. Therefore, we might want to get rid of that NULL element so that we can use our list without any hustle. To do this, we can use lapply function with the following syntax −Syntax“List_name”[!unlist(lapply(“List_name”,is.null))]ExampleConsider the below list −x1
Read MoreHow to use shapiro wilk test to check normality of an R data frame column?
To apply shapiro wilk test for normality on vectors, we just simply name the vector inside shapiro.test function but if we want to do the same for an R data frame column then the column will have to specify the column in a proper way. For example, if the data frame name is df and the column name is x then the function will work as shapiro.test(df$x).Examplex1
Read MoreHow to find the number of values in a column of an R data frame that are not zero?
If an R data frame has numerical columns then it is also possible that there exist zeros in few or all columns and we might be interested in finding the number of non-zero values in a column. This will help us to compare the columns based on the number on non-zero values and it can be done by using colSums.ExampleConsider the below data frame −x1
Read MoreHow to subset unique values from a list in R?
We know that a list in R can have multiple elements of different data types but they can be the same as well. Whether we have the same type of elements or different ones, we might want to subset the list with unique values, especially in situations where we believe that the values must be same. To do this, we can use unique function.ExampleConsider the below list −x1
Read MoreHow to change the scale of Y-axis if the histogram bars are higher than the axis size in R?
When we create a histogram using hist function in R, often the Y-axis labels are smaller than the one or more bars of the histogram. Therefore, the histogram does not look appealing and it becomes a little difficult to match the Y-axis values with the bars size.To solve this problem, we can use ylim argument of hist function in which the range can be supplied to plot on the Y-axis labels.ExampleConsider the below data and its histogram −set.seed(101) x
Read More