Programming Articles - Page 2047 of 3363

Compact Strings have introduced in Java 9 to replace Java 6's Compressed Strings. Its implementation uses byte[] array instead of char[] array and a new field coder has introduced to identify whether it is LATIN1 or UTF16 format while Compressed Strings have introduced in Java 6 that can be used byte[] array for one byte per character, and continued to use char[] array for two bytes per character, previously it can be turned on using -XX: + UseCompressedStrings.Unlike Compressed Strings, Compact Strings do not require un-packing or re-packing. Hence Compact String gives better performance at runtime.Compressed Strings are not enabled by default in Java 6, and need to be ... Read More

REPL stands for Read-Eval-Print-Loop. It is a shell where the user types an expression, it's evaluated, and the result returned to the user. The main purpose of using REPL is to interact quickly with Java programs without creating a java file, compile it, and run it. JShell is very useful for the developers and allows us to learn the Java language.Below are some of the features of REPLIt’s built-in in Java 9.We can test any Java expression without a class file, compiling and running it.It autocompletes the methods, just typing the TAB key, as in your editor.We can define methods, and ... Read More

The Optional class provides a container that may or may not contain a non-null value. It has been introduced in Java 8 to reduce the number of places in the code where a NullPointerException has generated. Java 9 added three methods: ifPresentOrElse(),  or(), and stream(), which helps us deal with default values.In the below example, we can get a stream from Optional class using Person classExampleimport java.util.Optional; import java.util.stream.Stream; public class OptionalTest {    public static void main(String args[]) {       getPerson().stream()                  .map(Person::getName)                 ... Read More

Java 9 introduces the JShell tool for the Java Programming Language. This tool allows us to evaluate code snippets such as declarations, statements, and expressions. We will get the details about Java Version and Vendor, and also get the details about OS Version and Name by using the static method: getProperty() of System class.In the below code snippet, we can able to get the details of Java version, Java Vendor and OS version and OS name in JShell console.C:\Users\User>jshell | Welcome to JShell -- Version 9.0.4 | For an introduction type: /help intro jshell> System.out.println(System.getProperty("java.version")); 9.0.4 jshell> System.out.println(System.getProperty("java.vendor")); Oracle ... Read More

Flow API is official support for reactive streams specification since Java 9. It is a combination of both Iterator and Observer patterns. The Flow API is an interoperation specification and not an end-user API like RxJava.Flow API consists of four basic interfaces:Subscriber: The Subscriber subscribes to Publisher for callbacks.Publisher: The Publisher publishes the stream of data items to the registered subscribers.Subscription: The link between publisher and subscriber.Processor: The processor sits between Publisher and Subscriber, and transforms one stream to another.In the below example, we have created a basic subscriber that asks for one data object, prints it and asks for one more. ... Read More

JShell is an interactive java shell tool introduced in Java 9 and allows us to execute code snippets, and shows the result immediately without declaring the main() method like Java. It is a REPL (Read-Evaluate-Print- Loop) tool and runs from the command-line prompt. We can create variables, methods, classes, scratch variables, external libraries, and etc using JShellIn the below code snippet, we can create a thread by extending the Thread class.C:\Users\User>jshell | Welcome to JShell -- Version 9.0.4 | For an introduction type: /help intro jshell> class ThreadTest extends Thread { ...>       public void run() { ...> ... Read More

The main purpose of the JLink feature is to create our own Customized JRE. Usually, we run a program with the default JRE that has been provided by Oracle Corporation with 214 MB of size.For instance, a user wants to print a simple "Hello World" message as shown belowpublic class HelloWorldModuleTest {    public static void main(String args[[]) {       System.out.println("Hello World!");    } }To run the above program of 1 KB size, we need 4 – 5 classes like String, System, Object, and HelloWorldModuleTest.class files. Then why do we need to load 214 MB of JRE using ... Read More

A module is a collection of code in the form of classes organized in packages and static resources such as property files or others. It provides the outside environment with all the information that can be required to use that module. The module descriptor is a key source of the module system, and it's compiled version of a module declaration specified in a file named "module-info.java" file at the root of the module’s directory hierarchy.The module describes itself by a module declaration as belowmodule com.myproject.module1 {    requires com.myproject.module2;    exports com.myproject.project1;    exports com.myproject.project2; }Below are some of the module descriptors described:module module. name: declares a module ... Read More

Http/2 is the newer version of the Http protocol. The improvements of Http/2 include focusing on how data is framed and transported between server and client. In this new version of the Http/2 protocol, separate classes have defined for the Http client, requests, and responses. The new API makes Http connections more easily maintained, faster, and allows for a more responsive application without the need for third-party libraries.The new API handles HTTP connections through three classes.HttpClient: It handles the creation and sending of requests.HttpRequest: It is used to construct a request to be sent via the HttpClient.HttpResponse: It holds the ... Read More

The varargs functionality has been introduced in Java to facilitate the creation of methods with a variable number of arguments without resorting to array-type parameters or overloaded versions of the same method.Before Java 9 versions, if vararg methods are used with generics, then there is a warning message. Even though not all methods create heap pollution, compiler shows warning for all vararg methods used with generics. That's the reason @SafeVarargs concept was added to Java 9 version to avoid these warnings. If we added this annotation, then the compiler stops these warnings.We can compile the code by using the below commandjavac -Xlint:unchecked ... Read More