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Programming Articles
Page 1275 of 2547
How to create a matrix with random values in R?
Generally, a matrix is created with given values but if we want to create the matrix with random values then we will use the usual method with the matrix function. Random selection in R can be done in many ways depending on our objective, for example, if we want to randomly select values from normal distribution then rnorm function will be used and to store it in a matrix, we will pass it inside matrix function.ExampleM1
Read MoreHow to find the quantiles in R without quantile name?
The calculation of quantiles in R is very simple, we just need to use quantile function and it returns all the quantiles that are 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. If we want to avoid the printing the name of these quantiles then we can use names=FALSE with the quantile function. For example, if we have a vector called x then the quantiles without names can be found as quantile(x,names=FALSE).Examplex1
Read MoreHow to display mean inside boxplot created by using boxplot function in R?
A boxplot shows the median as a measure of center along with other values but we might want to compare the means as well. Therefore, showing mean with a point is likely to be preferred if we want to compare many boxplots. This can be done by using points(mean(“Vector_name”)), if we are plotting the columns of an R data frame then we will reference them instead of vector name.ExampleConsider the below data and the boxplot −x
Read MoreHow to get row index based on a value of an R data frame column?
A row of an R data frame can have multiple ways in columns and these values can be numerical, logical, string etc. It is easy to find the values based on row numbers but finding the row numbers based on a value is different. If we want to find the row number for a particular value in a specific column then we can extract the whole row which seems to be a better way and it can be done by using single square brackets to take the subset of the row.ExampleConsider the below data frame −x1
Read MoreHow to avoid the warning "Cannot compute exact p-value with ties" while perform correlation test for Spearman's correlation in R?
When the variables are not continuous but could be ranked then we do not use pearson correlation coefficient to find the linear relationship, in this case spearman correlation coefficient comes into the scene. Since the spearman correlation coefficient considers the rank of values, the correlation test ignores the same ranks to find the p-values as a result we get the warning “Cannot compute exact p-value with ties”. This can be avoided by using exact = FALSE inside the cor.test function.ExampleConsider the below vectors and perform spearman correlation test to check the relationship between them −x1
Read MoreHow to find the number of values in a column of an R data frame that are not zero?
If an R data frame has numerical columns then it is also possible that there exist zeros in few or all columns and we might be interested in finding the number of non-zero values in a column. This will help us to compare the columns based on the number on non-zero values and it can be done by using colSums.ExampleConsider the below data frame −x1
Read MoreFind the probability of reaching all points after N moves from point N in C++
Suppose we have a number N this represents the initial position of the person on the number line. We also have L which is the probability of the person of going left. We have to find the the probability of reaching all points on the number line after completing N moves from point N. Each move can be either to the left or to the right.So, if the input is like n = 2, l = 0.5, then the output will be [0.25, 0, 0.5, 0, 0.25]To solve this, we will follow these steps −high := 1 - lowDefine an ...
Read MoreFind the shortest distance between any pair of two different good nodes in C++
Suppose we have a given weighted undirected graph with N different nodes and M edges, some of the nodes are good nodes. We have to find the shortest distance between any pair of two different good nodes. In the given diagram the yellow in the following graph are considered to be good nodes.So, if the input is likethen the output will be 11, as the pairs of good nodes and distance between them are: (1 to 3) the distance is 11, (3 to 5) the distance is 13, (1 to 5) the distance is 24, out of which 11 is ...
Read MoreProduct of all prime numbers in an Array in C++
Given an integer array arr[] with some elements, the task is to find the product of all the prime number of that numbers.Prime number are those number which are either divided by 1 or the number itself, or a prime number is a number which is not divisible by any other number except 1 and the number itself. Like 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, etc.we have to find the solution for the given array −Input −arr[] = { 11, 20, 31, 4, 5, 6, 70 }Output − 1705Explanation − Prime numbers in array are − 11, 31, 5 their ...
Read MoreReasons for a C++ program crash
The abnormal behavior of C++ programs often leads to program crash. You may have encountered problems like Segmentation fault, Aborted, Floating point exception etc. Following are sample programs that may help you to understand the reasons for a C++ program crash.ExceptionsExceptions in C++ are responses of a program when it encounters an abnormal condition. The program crashes due to such exceptions if they are not handled properly using try-catch blocks. Following program crashes due to divide by zero exception −Example#include int main(){ int num1=10; int num2=0; int quotient=num1/num2; printf(" Quotient is: %d", quotient); return ...
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