Java Articles - Page 188 of 445

Whenever you need to create an object which cannot be changed after initialization you can define an immutable object. There are no specific rules to create immutable objects, the idea is to restrict the access of the fields of a class after initialization.A Set is an interface in collection framework, which does not allow duplicate values.You need to keep following points in mind while creating an immutable set −We should not be able to add or delete elements from it.we should not be able to add null values to an immutable set.Once you create an immutable set you cannot add ... Read More

In programming to hold data members we use variables, Java you can declare three types of variables namely, Local variables − Variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks are called local variables. The variable will be declared and initialized within the method and the variable will be destroyed when the method has completed.Instance variables − Instance variables are variables within a class but outside any method. These variables are initialized when the class is instantiated. Instance variables can be accessed from inside any method, constructor or blocks of that particular class.Class (static) variables − Class variables are variables declared within ... Read More

In Java you can declare three types of variables namely, instance variables, static variables and, local variables.Local variables − Variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks are called local variables. The variable will be declared and initialized within the method and the variable will be destroyed when the method has completed.Instance variables − Instance variables are variables within a class but outside any method. These variables are initialized when the class is instantiated. Instance variables can be accessed from inside any method, constructor or blocks of that particular class.Class (static) variables − Class variables are variables declared within a class, ... Read More

There are several logging frame works available to log your data into files. You can also define your own method. In either cases to add the current time to your logged exception you can use the LocalDateTime class.It is an immutable class representing the date-time, it stores date-time as year-month-day-hour-minute-second. The now() method of this class returns the current date-time.Using this method concatenate the current date and time to your exception message and write to your required file.Exampleimport java.io.FileOutputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.time.LocalDateTime; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Scanner; public class LoggingToFile {    private static void writeLogToFile(Exception e) throws IOException { ... Read More

While working with client-server programming in Java (JSE), if you are using java.net.URL class object in your program, you need to instantiate this class by passing a string representing required URL to which you need to establish connection. If the url you have passed in the string which cannot be parsed or, without legal protocol a MalformedURLException is generated.ExampleIn the following Java example we are tring to get establish a connection to a page and publishing the response.We have tampered the protocol part, changed it to htt, which should be http or, https.import java.util.Scanner; import java.io.IOException; import java.net.HttpURLConnection; import java.net.URL; ... Read More

Immutable class/object is the one whose value cannot be modified. For example, Strings are immutable in Java i.e. once you create a String value in Java you cannot modify it. Even if you try to modify, an intermediate String is created with the modified value and is assigned to the original literal.Defining immutable objectsWhenever you need to create an object which cannot be changed after initialization you can define an immutable object. There are no specific rules to create immutable objects, the idea is to restrict the access of the fields of a class after initialization.ExampleFollowing Java program demonstrates the ... Read More

A class in Java will have three kinds of variables namely, static (class), instance and, local.Instance variables − These variables belong to the instances (objects) of a class. These are declared within a class but outside methods. These are initialized when the class is instantiated. They can be accessed from any method, constructor or blocks of that particular class.Class/static variables − class/static variables belong to a class, just like instance variables they are declared within a class, outside any method, but, with the static keyword.They are available to access at the compile time, you can access them before/without instantiating the ... Read More

This article will discuss how to implement a Stack using a Queue in Java.  Stack in Java In Java, a Stack is a subclass (child class) of the Vector class, and it represents a LIFO stack of objects, which stands for Last-in-First-Out. The last element added at the top of the stack (In) can be the first element to be removed (Out) from the stack. The following diagram will give you a clear idea about the Stack: Queue in Java In Java, the Queue class extends the Collection interface, and it supports the insert and remove operations using a FIFO, ... Read More

The process of destroying unreferenced objects is called a Garbage Collection(GC). Once an object is unreferenced it is considered as an unused object, hence JVM automatically destroys that object. There are various ways to make an object eligible for GC. By nullifying a reference to an object We can set all the available object references to "null" once the purpose of creating an object is served. Example public class GCTest1 { public static void main(String [] args){ String str = "Welcome to TutorialsPoint"; // String object referenced by variable str and it is not eligible for GC yet. ... Read More

A class with in another class is known as inner class, you cannot declare a class static unless it is an inner class. A static inner class is just like other class variables. You can access it (static inner class) without instantiationExampleYou can access the static variable of an outer class just using the class name. Following Java example demonstrates how to access static variables of a class from a static inner class.public class Outer {    static int data = 200;    static class InnerDemo {       public void my_method() {          System.out.println("This is ... Read More