Parameters are passed in C# either by value or by reference. With that, you can also use out parameters and param array to pass parameters −ValueThis method copies the actual value of an argument into the formal parameter of the function. In this case, changes made to the parameter inside the function have no effect on the argument.ReferenceThis method copies the reference to the memory location of an argument into the formal parameter. This means that changes made to the parameter affect the argument.OutA return statement can be used for returning only one value from a function. However, using output ... Read More

The Main() method is the entry point −static void Main(string[] args)The arguments array args is used to set arguments −string[] args)It will set the following if you add two arguments −var args = new string[] {"arg1", "arg2”}Here is the demo code −Exampleusing System; namespace Demo {    class HelloWorld {       // args for command line       static void Main(string[] args) {          Console.WriteLine("Welcome here!");          Console.ReadKey();       }    } }To compile a C# program by using the command-line instead of the Visual Studio IDE ... Read More

First, define and initalize an array −int[] p = new int[3] {99, 92, 95};Now, display the array elements −for (j = 0; j < 3; j++ ) {    Console.WriteLine("Price of Product[{0}] = {1}", j, p[j]); }To acess any element, just include the index of the element you want like this −p[2];The above is to acess the 3rd element.Now let us see the complete code −Exampleusing System; namespace Program {    class Demo {       static void Main(string[] args) {          int[] p = new int[3] {99, 92, 95};          int j;          for (j = 0; j < 3; j++ ) {             Console.WriteLine("Price of Product[{0}] = {1}", j, p[j]);          }          // access          int e = p[2];          Console.WriteLine("Product 3rd price: "+e);          Console.ReadKey();       }    } }

To access elements from a rectangular array, you just need to set the index of which you want to get the element. Multi-dimensional arrays are also called rectangular array −a[0, 1]; // second elementThe following is an example showing how to work with a rectangular array in C# and access an element −Exampleusing System; namespace Demo {    class Program {       static void Main(string[] args) {          int[, ] a = new int[3, 3];          a[0, 0]= 10;          a[0, 1]= 20;       ... Read More

To convert Upper case to Lower case, use the ToLower() method in C#.Let’s say your string is −str = "TIM";To convert the above uppercase string in lowercase, use the ToLower() method −Console.WriteLine("Converted to LowerCase : {0}", str.ToLower());The following is the code in C# to convert character case −Exampleusing System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; namespace Demo {    class MyApplication {       static void Main(string[] args) {          string str;          str = "TIM";          Console.WriteLine("UpperCase : {0}", str);          // convert to lowercase          Console.WriteLine("Converted to LowerCase : {0}", str.ToLower());          Console.ReadLine();       }    } }

To convert trigonometric angles in Radians, multiply by Math.PI/180. This will convert degrees to radians.The following is the code −Exampleusing System; class Program {    static void Main() {       Console.WriteLine(Math.Cos(45));       double res = Math.Cos(Math.PI * 45 / 180.0);       Console.WriteLine(res);    } }Above, we converted using the following formulae −Math.PI * angle / 180.0

Value parametersThe value parameters copy the actual value of an argument into the formal parameter of the function. In this case, changes made to the parameter inside the function have no effect on the argument.This is the default mechanism for passing parameters to a method. In this mechanism, when a method is called, a new storage location is created for each value parameter.The values of the actual parameters are copied into them. Hence, the changes made to the parameter inside the method have no effect on the argument.Reference ParametersA reference parameter is a reference to a memory location of a ... Read More

To convert Lower case to Upper case, use the ToUpper() method in C#.Let’s say your string is −str = "david";To convert the above lowercase string in uppercase, use the ToUpper() method −Console.WriteLine("Converted to UpperCase : {0}", str.ToUpper());The following is the code in C# to convert character case −Exampleusing System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; namespace Demo {    class MyApplication {       static void Main(string[] args) {          string str;          str = "david";          Console.WriteLine("LowerCase : {0}", str);          // convert to uppercase          Console.WriteLine("Converted to UpperCase : {0}", str.ToUpper());          Console.ReadLine();       }    } }

To acess element from the multi-dimensional array, just add the index for the element you want, for example −a[2,1]The above access element from 3rd row and 2nd column ie element 3 as shown below in out [3,4] array −0 0 1 2 2 4 3 6Let us see whatever we discussed and access element from a 2 dimensional array −Exampleusing System; namespace Program {    class Demo {       static void Main(string[] args) {          int[,] a = new int[4, 2] {{0,0}, {1,2}, {2,4}, {3,6} };          int i, j;          for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {                 for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) {                Console.WriteLine("a[{0},{1}] = {2}", i, j, a[i,j]);             }          }          // accessing element          Console.WriteLine(a[2,1]);          Console.ReadKey();       }    } }

C# exceptions are represented by classes. The exception classes in C# are mainly directly or indirectly derived from the System.Exception class.You can also define your own exception. User-defined exception classes are derived from the Exception class.The following is an example −Exampleusing System; namespace UserDefinedException {    class TestTemperature {       static void Main(string[] args) {          Temperature temp = new Temperature();          try {             temp.showTemp();          } catch(TempIsZeroException e) {             Console.WriteLine("TempIsZeroException: {0}", e.Message);       ... Read More