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Cryptography Articles
Found 112 articles
The Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange
What is Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange (exponential key exchange)? The Diffie-Hellman key exchange (also known as exponential key exchange) is a method for securely exchanging cryptographic keys over an insecure channel. It is a fundamental building block of many secure communication protocols, including SSL/TLS and SSH. The Diffie-Hellman key exchange works by allowing two parties (Alice and Bob) to agree on a shared secret key over an insecure channel, without any other party being able to intercept the key or learn anything about it. The key exchange involves the following steps − Alice and Bob agree on two large prime ...
Read MoreActive and Passive attacks in Information Security
Introduction Information security is an essential aspect of modern-day technology, and it's vital to understand various threats that can compromise sensitive data. Two of most common types of attacks that can occur are active and passive attacks. In this article, we'll explore differences between active and passive attacks, methods used by hackers, and ways to protect against these types of threats. What is an Active Attack? An active attack occurs when a hacker attempts to alter or manipulate data in a system. This type of attack can be easily identified as it typically involves an attacker trying to perform some ...
Read MoreA Cryptographic Introduction to Hashing and Hash Collisions
Introduction Hashing is an essential aspect of modern cryptography. It is used to encrypt data in a secure and efficient way. Cryptographic hash functions are a type of mathematical function that takes data of any size and converts it into a fixed-size output, which is referred to as a hash. This article will provide a cryptographic introduction to hashing and hash collisions, explaining how hash functions work and why hash collisions can be a problem. What is Hashing? Hashing is a process that takes input data of any size and maps it to a fixed-size output, which is called a ...
Read MoreCayley’s Formula
Introduction Arthur Cayley came up with Cayley's Formula in the middle of the 19th century. It is one of the most important results in combinatorics and group theory. It says that every finite group can be shown as a permutation group on its own elements. Counting spanning trees in both depend on this idea. Permutations and Groups Understanding Permutations and Groups −Permutations are unique arrangements of elements, important in combinatorics. A group is a structure in algebra that has certain features. Permutation groups are subsets of the symmetric group. They are very useful for learning about abstract mathematics. Key ...
Read MoreDifference Between ACL and IDEA
The terms ACL (Access Control List) and IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm) are frequently used in computer networking and cryptography. ACL is a technique for controlling resource access, whereas IDEA is an encryption algorithm for data security. Read this article to find out more about ACL and IDEA and how they are different from each other. What is ACL? ACL is a security mechanism that controls network resource access. It is a collection of permissions attached to an object, such as a file or a network share, that determines which people or groups can access the object and to what extent. ...
Read MoreWhat is PeStudio
PeStudio is a popular and powerful software analysis tool that allows users to analyze executable files for various Windows operating systems. The software was developed by the Belgian company, Marc Ochsenmeier, and is widely used by malware analysts, software developers, and security researchers around the world. We will provide an overview of what PeStudio is, how it works, features it provides to its users. The article also includes limitations and recent advancements of PeStudio. What is PeStudio? PeStudio is a tool that provides users with a detailed analysis of executable files, specifically those running on Windows operating systems. The software ...
Read MoreHow is Lightweight Cryptography Applicable to Various IoT Devices?
Cryptography is the key factor that prevents anyone from directly accessing information regarding any encrypted data. Lightweight cryptography refers to all those algorithms which are designed to consume fewer resources and make them more powerful. These lightweight cryptography algorithms can be applied to various IoT devices, securing the connection and ensuring safe data transfer. But how can such algorithms increase the security factor, and how can they be applicable to IoT devices? First, let us see how cryptography works. What Is Cryptography? Cryptography is the technique of converting plain text or normal information into a non-readable format that has no ...
Read MoreBifid Cipher in Cryptography
The Bifid Cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher that was invented by the French amateur cryptographer Felix Delastelle at the end of the 19th century. It is considered a polygraphic cipher because it encrypts pairs of letters at a time, rather than single letters like monoalphabetic ciphers such as the Caesar Cipher. The Bifid Cipher is based on a polybius square, which is a 5x5 grid of letters that is used to encrypt the plaintext. The grid is usually filled with a combination of the alphabet and a keyword or phrase. The letters in the keyword or phrase are placed ...
Read MoreBreaking Cryptography
Breaking cryptography typically involves attempting to discover the secret key that was used to encrypt a message. Once the secret key is discovered, it can be used to decrypt the original message, making it readable. There are a variety of methods that can be used to try to break a cryptographic system, including − Brute force − Trying all possible secret keys until the correct one is found. Ciphertext-only attack − Attempting to decrypt a message without knowing the key, but only having access to the ciphertext (the encrypted message). Known plaintext attack − Attempting to decrypt a message ...
Read MoreAvalanche Effect in Cryptography
The avalanche effect in cryptography refers to the phenomenon where a small change in the input of a cryptographic function, such as a hash function, results in a significant and seemingly unrelated change in the output. This property is desirable in cryptographic functions because it makes it difficult for an attacker to predict the output of the function based on partial knowledge of the input. For example, consider a hash function that takes an input string and produces a fixed-size output. If the avalanche effect is strong, then making a small change to the input string, such as changing a ...
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