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Computer Programming Articles
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What is the difference between a kernel and an operating system?
The kernel and operating system are closely related but distinct components of a computer system. Understanding their differences is essential for grasping how modern computers manage resources and provide services to users and applications. Operating System An operating system (OS) is a comprehensive collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and acts as an interface between users and the computer hardware. It provides common services for computer programs and serves as the foundation for all other software running on the system. The OS includes various components such as device drivers, system utilities, user interfaces, file systems, ...
Read MoreDifference between Cold Booting and Warm Booting
When a user presses the power button on their computer, it initiates the process known as booting, which loads and starts the operating system. Booting involves accessing the computer's ROM to load startup instructions, followed by loading the operating system from the boot disk (typically the local hard drive). There are two types of booting − cold booting and warm booting. What is Cold Booting? Cold booting (also called a "hard boot") is the process of starting a computer from a completely powered-off state. During cold boot, the computer must first be shut down completely, then powered on ...
Read MoreDifference between Firmware and Operating System
Firmware is a set of instructions or a block of code that is programmed in hardware devices. It instructs the hardware to perform its function when the call is made. Firmware is present in computers and electronic devices. An Operating System is software that sits between the applications and hardware of the computer system. It acts as a mediator and provides the interface to interact with them. Operating systems are used in computers, laptops, TVs, mobiles, and other computing devices. What is Firmware? Firmware is a small code embedded in the hardware. It consists of low-level programming ...
Read MoreRundll32.exe Attack
A Rundll32.exe attack exploits the legitimate Windows utility rundll32.exe to execute malicious Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs). Rundll32.exe is a Windows system process that allows programs to invoke functions from DLL files, making it an attractive target for attackers who can abuse this functionality to run malicious code while appearing as legitimate system activity. Attackers leverage rundll32.exe because it can load and execute code from DLL files, and security tools often trust this legitimate Windows process. This technique is commonly used in penetration testing and malware campaigns to bypass security controls and establish remote access to target systems. How ...
Read MoreBypass Antivirus with Shelter
Shellter is a dynamic shellcode injection tool used in penetration testing to bypass antivirus detection. It works by taking legitimate PE (Portable Executable) files and injecting custom payloads into them while maintaining the original application's functionality, making the modified executable appear legitimate to antivirus software. Shellter operates differently from traditional packers or crypters by using dynamic analysis to understand the target executable's behavior, then strategically places shellcode at runtime locations that won't interfere with normal operation. How Shellter Works The tool employs several sophisticated techniques to achieve AV evasion: Dynamic Analysis − Shellter runs the ...
Read MoreCount spaces, uppercase and lowercase in a sentence using C
In C programming, counting different types of characters in a string is a common task. This involves analyzing each character to determine if it's uppercase, lowercase, a digit, whitespace, or a special character. Syntax for (int i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++) { // Check character type using ASCII values if (str[i] >= 'A' && str[i] = 'a' && str[i] = '0' && str[i] = 'A' && str[i] = 'a' && str[i] = '0' && str[i]
Read MoreDifference between Static and Shared libraries
In programming, a library is a collection of pre-compiled code that can be reused by programs for specific functionality. Based on how the library code is linked and loaded, libraries are classified into two types − static libraries and shared (dynamic) libraries. Static Library A static library is a library whose code is copied directly into the target executable at compile time by the linker. The resulting executable is self-contained and does not depend on external library files at runtime. Static libraries use the extensions .a (Linux) or .lib (Windows). Shared Library A shared library (also ...
Read MoreDifference Between Linear Search and Binary Search
A linear search compares the target element with each array element, while a binary search uses divide-and-conquer method to efficiently search for the target element. In this article, we will compare linear search and binary search. What is Linear Search? Linear search is a sequential searching algorithm where we traverse every element within the input array and compare it with the target element to be found. If the target element is found, we return true and the index, and return false if the element is not found in the given array. Below is an animation of working of linear ...
Read MoreDifference Between Structure and Class
In C++, both structures (struct) and classes (class) are user-defined data types, where they both give access to group different data elements (variables) and functions together. However, they still possess a few differences between them. In this article, we will see and go through its differences. Structure (struct) The struct is a user-defined data type, which allows the grouping of variables of different data types, with the members being public by default. This is commonly used to represent simple data structures, where encapsulation is not necessary. A struct can contain data members and member functions, but its primary use is ...
Read MoreDifference Between int and long
In programming, int and long are the part of primitive data type. The int stores the integer value while long stores the larger range of values like a whole number. In this article, we will see the differences between int and long data types. int (Integer) Data Type The keyword int representing the integer value. It store the both positive and negative values such as -1, 45, -78, 85, etc., but not fractional and decimal values. The value ranges from –2, 147, 483, 648 to 2, 147, 483, 647. Behavior of int in Different Languages Following is the list of ...
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