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Computer Network Articles
Page 36 of 122
Difference between IPSec and SSL
IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) is a suite of protocols that provides security services during communications between networks. It supports network-level peer authentication, data origin authentication, data integrity, data encryption and replay protection. It is often used to create secure VPNs at the network layer. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is a networking protocol that provides a secure connection between a client and a server over the internet. It works at the transport layer and is commonly used to secure communication between web browsers and web servers through HTTPS. IPSec vs SSL — Network Layer Protection ...
Read MoreDifference between Asymmetric and Symmetric Multiprocessing
In asymmetric multiprocessing, all the processors are not identical and they follow a master-slave relationship; whereas in symmetric multiprocessing, all the processors are identical and they share the main memory. This tutorial explores both asymmetric and symmetric multiprocessing systems, highlighting their key differences in architecture, processor roles, and implementation approaches. What is Asymmetric Multiprocessing? Asymmetric Multiprocessing (AMP) is a multiprocessor architecture where two or more processors are controlled by one master processor. All CPUs are interconnected but are not self-scheduling, with specific tasks assigned to processors based on priority and importance. In AMP systems, processors have ...
Read MoreDifference between RJ45 and RJ11.
A Registered Jack (RJ) is a standardized telecommunication network interface for connecting voice and data equipment to a local exchange carrier or long-distance carrier's service. The Universal Service Ordering Code (USOC) system of the Bell System in the United States was the first to specify registration interfaces for compliance with the registration program for customer-supplied telephone equipment mandated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the 1970s. After Bell Labs invented Registered Jack connections in 1973, they became popular. Physical construction, wiring, and signal semantics are all included in the standard. Registered jacks are commonly referred to by the ...
Read MoreDifference between WAN and a WWAN
A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that spans large geographical areas, connecting multiple Local Area Networks (LANs) across cities, states, or countries. A Wireless WAN (WWAN) is a specific type of WAN that exclusively uses wireless communication technologies to establish these connections. What is a WAN? A WAN connects multiple locations across vast geographic areas, which may span states, countries, or even continents. It can be owned by a single organization or provide public access through service providers. WANs utilize both wired and wireless transmission media to establish connectivity. Types − Switched ...
Read MoreDifference between LAN and a WLAN
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a privately owned network that spans a smaller geographical area, typically restricted to a few kilometers. LANs are commonly used in offices, residences, hospitals, and schools, with setup and management being relatively straightforward. While traditional wired LANs transmit data over Ethernet cables, a Wireless LAN (WLAN) enables connected devices to transmit data through Wi-Fi technology. Mobile users can connect to a WLAN through wireless connections, following the IEEE 802.11 group of standards that describe technologies for wireless LANs. What is a LAN? A Local Area Network (LAN) is a private network ...
Read MoreArbitration Inter-Frame Spacing (AIFS)
Arbitration Inter-Frame Spacing (AIFS) is a quality of service mechanism used in IEEE 802.11e WLAN standard (Wi-Fi) to provide differentiated channel access at the medium access control (MAC) layer. It determines the time interval that a station must wait before transmitting, prioritizing stations based on their Access Category (AC). How AIFS Works In wireless communication, collision detection is difficult due to the hidden node problem and signal fading. Therefore, collision avoidance schemes are essential when multiple stations compete for channel access. AIFS assigns different waiting periods to frames based on their priority level, ensuring that time-sensitive traffic like ...
Read MoreRate Anomaly in CSMA/CA
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) is a network protocol for carrier transmission that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. CSMA/CA prevents collisions prior to their occurrence and is ideally used in wireless communications. Rate anomaly occurs when the performance of a high-speed station is impaired due to a low-speed station, thus reducing the average throughput of the entire wireless network. This phenomenon significantly affects network efficiency in mixed-rate environments. How Rate Anomaly Occurs The CSMA/CA protocol allows each station to send a single frame at a time. Before sending a frame, the ...
Read MoreExtended Inter-Frame Spacing (EIFS)
Extended Inter-Frame Spacing (EIFS) is a waiting period used in the MAC layer of IEEE 802.11-based wireless local area network (WLAN) standard. It is an additional waiting period used in addition to the mandatory DIFS technique when frames are corrupted or cannot be properly decoded. DIFS (Distributed Coordination Function Inter-Frame Spacing) is inserted before sending frames to avoid collisions in areas where Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) is used. EIFS is specifically used when a station receives erroneous or corrupted frames that it cannot decode properly. How EIFS Works In normal frame delivery, the ...
Read MoreTransmission opportunity (TXOP)
Transmit opportunity (TXOP) is a MAC layer feature used in IEEE 802.11-based wireless local area networks (WLANs). TXOP defines the time duration for which a station can send frames after it has gained contention for the transmission medium. By providing this contention-free time period, TXOP aims to increase the throughput of high priority data, such as voice and video. TXOP is available in Quality of Service (QoS) as part of Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA), which provides differentiated access to the wireless medium based on traffic categories. TXOP Time Allocation by Access Category ...
Read MoreInter – frame spaces (RIFS, SIFS, PIFS, DIFS, AIFS, EIFS)
Inter-frame spaces (IFS) are waiting periods between transmission of frames in the medium access control (MAC) sublayer where carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is used. These are techniques used to prevent collisions as defined in IEEE 802.11-based WLAN standard (Wi-Fi). IFS is the time period between completion of the transmission of the last frame and starting transmission of the next frame, apart from the variable back-off period. Different types of IFS provide priority mechanisms, with shorter durations indicating higher priority access to the wireless medium. Inter-frame Spaces Priority Order Higher ...
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