C Articles - Page 118 of 134

Character literals are those values, which are assigned to the variable of character data type. It is written as a single character enclosed in single quotes (' ') like 'A', 'b' or '2'. But if we see how these character literals are stored in memory, their type differs. In C the character literals are stored as type int, whereas the same character literal is stored as type char in C++. In this article, we will study about the differences between these two in detail. Type of character literal in C The type of character literals in C language is an integer ... Read More

Here we will see the precedence of postfix++ and prefix++ in C or C++. The precedence of prefix ++ or -- has higher priority than dereference operator ‘*’ and postfix ++ or -- has priority higher than both prefix ++ and dereference operator ‘*’.When ptr is a pointer, then *ptr++ indicates *(ptr++) and ++*prt refers ++(*ptr)Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; int main() {    char arr[] = "Hello World";    char *ptr = arr;    ++*ptr;    cout

In C/C++, Line splicing is a small feature that lets you split one long line of code into two lines by using a special symbol that is the backslash (\).Line splicing is a preprocessor feature, not a function or method. It does not have any parameters. But it simply affects how lines of code are interpreted by the preprocessor before compilation.How to Use Line Splicing? If a line of code is too long, and you want to break it into multiple lines to make it easier to read. You can use a backslash at the end ... Read More

Writing a Binary File To write a binary file in C/C++ use fwrite()/write() method. It is used to write a given number of bytes on the given stream, starting at the position of the "put" pointer. The file is extended if the put pointer is currently at the end of the file. If this pointer points into the middle of the file, characters in the file are overwritten with the new data. If any error has occurred during writing in the file, the stream is placed in an error state. Syntax of write() method Following is the basic syntax of ... Read More

fwrite() and fread() is used to write to a file in C.fwrite() syntaxfwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream)whereptr - A pointer to array of elements to be writtensize - Size in bytes of each element to be writtennmemb - Number of elements, each one with a size of bytesstream – A pointer to a FILE object that specifies an output streamfread() syntaxfread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream)whereptr - A pointer to a block of memory with a minimum size of size*nmemb bytes.size - Size in bytes of each element to be read.nmemb - Number of ... Read More

Listing files in a directory is used to write a program that opens a specified folder (e.g: "/myfiles"), reads its contents, and displays the names of each file and subfolder one by one. In C/C++, to see all the files in a directory, you can use special system functions that let you read the directory's contents. In real life, we open folder to see the contents inside the files. Similarly, in C or C++, we can write a program to display all the files and folders in a directory. Algorithm Following is the algorithm to get the list of files ... Read More

In C/C++, a null pointer is a special pointer that does not point to any valid memory location. Address 0 is used for Null Pointers because address 0 is reserved by the system, and it is guaranteed not to be used for valid data. So, when a pointer is assigned the value 0 (or nullptr), it means the pointer points to nothing. Some uses of null pointers are: To initialize a pointer variable when that pointer variable isn't assigned any valid memory address yet. To pass a null pointer to a function ... Read More

The size of a file refers to the number of bytes it occupies in memory. In C, size of a file can be found by moving the file pointer to the end of the file and checking its position. The position indicates the number of bytes the file contains. The most common way to do this is by using two functions: fseek() (to move to the end) and ftell() (to get the current position, which is the size of the file). Syntax Following is the syntax is as follows: FILE *fp = fopen("file.txt", "rb"); fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END); long size = ... Read More

In this section we will see what are the differences between exit() and _Exit() in C and C++. In C the exit() terminates the calling process without executing the remaining code which is present after exit() function.In C++11, one new function is present called _Exit(). So what is the feature of this function? The exit() function performs some cleaning before terminating the program. It clears the connection termination, buffer flushes etc. This _Exit() function does not clean anything. If we test using atexit() method, it will not work.Let us see two examples where at first we are using exit() function, ... Read More

In C/C++, the pointers have multiple levels, which means a pointer can point to another pointer – so the chains of indirection can go on and on. For instance, a pointer to a variable's address is stored at "*ptr" (single-level pointer) while, at "**ptr", the address of another pointer is kept (a double-level pointer), so on. This is useful in allocating memory dynamically, working with multi-dimensional arrays, and handling complicated data structures.Following is the list of different levels of pointers. Let us understand these with the help of examples: Single Level Pointer ... Read More