Found 454 Articles for Biology

Introduction Bioluminescence is an example of chemiluminescence or light emission by chemical reaction in a living organism. ‘Bioluminescence’ is derived from Greek- ‘bio’ means living and ‘lumen’ means ‘light’. It is an enzyme-catalysed reaction, a process of conversion of light energy into chemical energy. The Greeks and Romans were the first to discover glowing organisms and sea phosphorescence. Aristotle described them as ‘cold light’. The first book on Bioluminescence was published by Conrad Gesner in 1555 and later in the nineteenth century, Raphael Dubois extracted two key components- ‘luciferin’ and ‘luciferase’ of this biochemical reaction. Luciferin (from Latin of Lucifer- ... Read More

Introduction Beetles are found everywhere around us. They are very common insects. Beetles belong to the insect order Coleoptera. They can be easily identified by their hard armour-the elytra, giving the appearance of a big nut. Characteristics of Beetles Some of the key features of Beetles are as described below. ⦁ Body structure − Adult beetles can be distinguished by a pair of elytra, the hardened forewings having cryptic colour patterns. The elytra protect the beetle from mechanical damage, predators, parasites, pathogens, and excessive desiccation to increase their longevity and survival. They can adapt to different habitats from deserts ... Read More

Introduction Ribosomes are critical functional units of cells. These cellular subunits are quite curricula in the overall regulation and synthesis of proteins. The cellular organelles are found in different structures in different ranges of organisms. The eukaryotic organisms possess 80S ribosomes whereas the 70s ribosomes are found in prokaryotic organisms. These units have their distinct set of traits. What are Ribosomes? Ribosomes are the cellular organelles that operate during the synthesis of proteins. Ribosomes in the eukaryotic organisms are larger than the prokaryotic organisms. Mitochondria and chloroplasts can create their respective ribosomes. These units are made of RNA which forms ... Read More

Introduction The death of a cell can happen through these two processes and both processes are effective for cells. Some situations are responsible for these processes like integration process, accidents, hazardous processes etc. Necrosis and Apoptosis happen in various circumstances and the death of cells is the result of these processes. Trauma, radiation, and loss of oxygen are responsible for the death of cells and various types of physical and chemical processes are also creating disturbances in the function and structure of the cell. What is Apoptosis? Apoptosis is a biological procedure that can affect an animal and plant’s ... Read More

Introduction There are many plants where the fruits are developed without any kind of fertilization, such as bananas, oranges etc. The process where the fruit is developed without any kind of fertilization is called parthenocarpy. Fertilization can be failed because of many reasons such as the quality and quantity of the gametes or the reason can be the environment surrounding the gamete. However, when fertilization does not occur or completely failed, the plant depends on asexual reproduction. What is Apogamy? Apogamy is one kind of asexual reproduction, where the gametophyte generation gets replaced by the sporophyte. This total process is ... Read More

Introduction The differences between men and apes are very significant due to the factor of evolution. In this case, the modern apes that are found in the biosphere of this planet hold a mutual resemblance to the apes that went through a process of evolution. Apart from the differences, the primates are able to show some level of human intelligence. Apes and Men There are two opposite sexes just like any other species present in the animal kingdom. Human beings are able to show a very high IQ that has made them achieve several milestones in a wide range ... Read More

Introduction The heart is a muscular organ is made of four chambers. It is responsible for blood pumping all across the human body. It is seen that the heart consists of a network of blood vessels such as the capillaries, veins, as well as arteries. The blood vessels that enter the heart directly include the aorta and the pulmonary artery. Overview of the Aorta The aorta is the biggest artery that exists in the human body and it mainly carries the oxygenated blood. The blood is carried by this artery from the heart to other body parts. The pressure of ... Read More

Introduction Immunity is the response system in the body needed to be prepared to fight against diseases. The body faces various symptoms when the immunity system breaks down. Antigens act as foreign elements in the body that binds with antigens to proceed with the immune response. Antigens and antibodies acts in the body with opposite natures. Sometimes antibodies fail to fight against antigens. As a result, various diseases occur in the body. What are Antigens? Antigens are large molecular protein structures located on the surface parts of different pathogens. These pathogens include - viruses, fungi, bacteria, and particles of some ... Read More

Introduction Polysaccharides are generally odourless or colourless elements that are available in different types of plant bodies because of the presence of carbohydrates in the form of termed starch. It is considered the primary storage of energy factors available in the boast of plants and it is the primary ingredient of carbohydrate that the human body consumes. The starch is mainly composed of two different molecules such as amylose as well as amylopectin. What are Amylose and Amylopectin? Amylose is a particular type of polysaccharide and its unit of glucose of it is made with linear polymer. This molecule is ... Read More

Introduction The human body has two types of the adaptive immune system that refers to “active and passive immunity”. Both immune systems can be differentiated using available antibodies that are produced inside the human body. Additionally, both immune system works to restrict infection in the human body. The way of working is different for both the immune systems in the human body. What is Immunity? Immunity refers to the production of antibodies and application of them to prevent infections that can affect the human body. Additionally, adaptive immunity in humans can be separated into additional two types - “active ... Read More