Found 122 Articles for Biology Articles

Introduction Hypogeal germination is a term used to describe the germination of a plant from a seed planted underground, as opposed to above ground. This type of germination is most commonly seen in plants that grow in the ground or in soil. The "Hypogeal" comes from a Greek word meaning "under". When most people think of plants and seeds, they think of germination above ground. But if you look at a flower stalk or fruit tree, you will notice that some seeds are hidden underground. Some of these seeds have special adaptations that allow them to be planted and ... Read More

Introduction Hypocalcaemia also referred to as low blood calcium levels, is a medical condition that occurs when your body doesn't have enough calcium. Calcium is an essential mineral that plays several important roles in the body. It helps build and maintain strong bones and teeth, assists with the growth of muscles and nerves, regulates the release of hormones and enzymes, promotes proper heart function, supports efficient and healthy blood clotting, ensures normal blood pressure levels, maintains a healthy immune system response, and contributes to fluid balance within the body. Calcium is also important for the proper function of your ... Read More

Introduction When the blood pressure in your arteries is too high, you have hypertension (high blood pressure). 120/80 (systolic/diastolic pressure) is the ideal range for this force, which is referred to as pressure. If you have hypertension, that means that your blood pressure is consistently 140/90 or higher. Blood pressure can also be measured using higher numbers, such as 150/95, but your doctor will likely consider 140/90 to be "high." Images Coming soon The long-term goal for people with hypertension should be to get their blood pressure down to below 130/80. Hypertension raises a person's risk of cardiovascular ... Read More

Introduction Hyperparathyroidism is an overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid gland. This causes a disturbance in the body's regulation of calcium and phosphorus. Hyperparathyroidism can be caused by one of two primary conditions− hyperplasia, in which extra parathyroid tissue is produced in the body; or adenoma, in which one or more benign (non-cancerous) tumors form on the parathyroid glands. The end result is that your body has too much PTH, which causes increased levels of calcium to build up in the blood, resulting in an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. In most cases, hyperparathyroidism ... Read More

Introduction Hydroponics is derived from the Greek words "hydro" (water) and "ponos" (labor). Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture, which is the method of growing plants without soil by using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent. There are many different methods of hydroponics. Some of the most common methods involve adding nutrients to water and then placing the plant into the water solution. The solution is then placed in a container designed to hold it, such as a pot or a tank. A sub-method involves using clay pellets instead of soil to grow the plants. These clay pellets ... Read More

Introduction The hydrosere is a series of plant communities that occurs on the shore of a lake or pond. Each community has its own unique characteristics and includes plants adapted to grow in the specific conditions at that location. The sequence begins with emergent aquatic plants, followed by submerged aquatic plants, floating aquatic plants, and finally emergent species again. As water levels change during the growing season and between years, different species will become dominant at different times. Changes in water level can also be affected by other factors such as flooding or drought. Succession is the process by ... Read More

Immunology is the branch of science that deals with the defence of the body against diseases. The immune system is efficient in protecting the body from foreign substances that disturb the normal functioning of the body. These substances against which an immune response is generated are known as antigens. Antigens include pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, and also simple molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides. The antigens trigger an immune response upon binding to receptors known as antibodies, and a cascade of reactions is set into motion, ultimately leading to the elimination of the antigen. This reaction ... Read More

Since the accidental discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1929, there have been several kinds of antibiotics available in the market, effective against a wide variety of bacterial pathogens. These antibiotics have different modes of action, affecting either cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis or nucleic acid synthesis. Although considered magic bullets at one point in time, many of the commonly used antibiotics are now ineffective against certain pathogens. This is due to the development of antibiotic resistance among such pathogens, owing to the indiscriminate usage of antibiotics across different settings. This article attempts to explore the nature of antibiotics, ... Read More

The animal kingdom is represented by some of the most well-developed and complex species. Animals are multicellular heterotrophic organisms that develop from embryonic layers. Some 8.7 million species of animals are estimated to exist! Of these, scientists have successfully identified and classified about 2 million species. Considering the vast diversity and huge numbers of animals, it is better to classify them based on certain shared characteristics. Broadly, the animals are classified as invertebrates and vertebrates. These groups are further classified into different phyla, depending on similarities in certain characteristics such as the body symmetry, level of cell organisation, number ... Read More

The coronary arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart, hence it is imperative to ensure their normal functioning. However, sometimes, the coronary artery(s) may get blocked due to the buildup of fat and other substances like calcium, waste materials, and fibrin on the inner surfaces of the blood vessel, causing the restricted flow of oxygenated blood to the heart. This is the main cause behind a group of heart diseases, known as coronary heart diseases. Angina is a condition that is indicative of underlying coronary heart disease and its occurrence is quite common globally, with more than ten million ... Read More