Inheritance is a key aspect of any OOP language. With the help of inheritance, we can reuse the methods that are defined on the parent class (also known as superclass) in the child class (also known as subclass).In Ruby, single class inheritance is supported, which means that one class can inherit from the other class, but it can't inherit from two super classes. In order to achieve multiple inheritance, Ruby provides something called mixins that one can make use of.Inheritance helps in improving the code reusability, as the developer won't have to create the same method again that has already ... Read More

In Ruby, we have multiple types of iterators available to us. We will learn about the most common ones in this article, one by one.Each IteratorUsing this iterator, you can iterate over an array or a hash, returning each element as it is returned.Example 1Consider the code shown below# each iterator example (0..10).each do |itr|    puts itr endOutput0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Times IteratorThis iterator implants a loop with a specific number of iterations. The loop starts from zero and runs until it gets one less than the specified number.Example 2# time iterator example ... Read More

In Ruby, we can create threads which have different states and a life cycle which denotes its time since it started till its ending. In this article, we will take a look at the life cycle of a thread in Ruby.Thread Life Cycle in RubyThe Thread life cycle is a brief summary of how the thread develops from the beginning to the end. With the help of Thread.new, Thread.fork, or Thread.start, a new thread can be created.A new thread does not need to be started after creation. Whenever the CPU is available, it starts automatically.A Thread object is returned by ... Read More

Sometimes a situation arises where we would want to freeze the object instance so that it cannot be instantiated or modified and in Ruby, we can do that with the help of the freeze keyword.The approach is to invoke the Object#freeze statement.When we freeze an object, we are basically turning it into a constant and it should be noted that once an object is frozen, cannot be unfrozen.SyntaxThe syntax to freeze an object is shown below.Object.freezeNow that we know a little about freeze, let's take a couple of example to understand how it works.Example 1Consider the code shown belowveggies = ... Read More

In this problem, we are given an array arr[] consisting of N positive integers stored in unsorted order. Our task is to find a subarray with a given sum.Let's take an example to understand the problem, Input : arr[] = {2, 5, 1, 4, 6, 9, 5} sum = 11 Output : subarray = {1, 4, 6}Explanation −Subarray sum = 1 + 4 + 6 = 11Solution ApproachA simple solution to the problem is using nested loops. We will loop through the array and using an inner loop, we will find subarray. For each subarray we will find the sum ... Read More

Range is a class in Ruby. Ruby ranges represent a set of values that have a beginning and an end. A range can be represented as a number, character, string, or object. A range is constructed with start_point...end_point, start_point...endpoint literals, or with ::new. It provides flexibility and reduces the size of the code.There are different methods available to us in the range class methods; some of these are class methods whereas some are instance methods. In this article, we will explore both the class methods and the instance methods as well.The only class method available is the .new one.new MethodThe ... Read More

Unless StatementWe know that we can use the if statement when we want to run some code based on a condition that evaluates to True. Ruby also provides a special statement known as unless statement that can be used to run some code based on the condition that evaluates to False.It is quite the opposite of the if statement.SyntaxThe syntax of the unless statement is shown below.unless condition    # some code else    # some code endNow let's take a couple of examples to demonstrate how it works.Example 1Consider the code shown below# unless statement example num = 2 ... Read More

Using BigDecimal, you can perform floating point decimal arithmetic with arbitrary precision. Let's try to understand the BigDecimal usecase with the help of an example. We will take two examples, where the first one will make use of no BigDecimal and in the second example, we will use BigDecimal.Consider the code shown below, where we aren't making use of BigDecimal and adding some decimal values multiple times to a number.Example 1# without using bigInteger def calculateSum()    sumOfNumbers = 0    10_000.times do       sumOfNumbers = sumOfNumbers + 0.0001    end    return sumOfNumbers end puts ... Read More

In this problem, we are given a string str and an integer pow. Our task is to find a sub-string with given power.We need to return the substring whose power is equal to pow.Power of string is the sum of powers of its characters.Power of character : a -> 1, b -> 2, c -> 3, ...Let's take an example to understand the problem, Input : string = "programming" power = 49 Output : 'pro'Explanation −Power of matrix : pro, power(p) = 16 power(p) = 18 power(p) = 15 Total = 16 + 18 + 15 = 49Solution ApproachA simple ... Read More

The transpose function in Ruby is mainly used to return the transpose of an array or a matrix.Syntaxarray.transposeOrMatrix.transposeLet's take a couple of examples of the transpose function on array first and then on matrices.Example 1Consider the code shown below# transpose() in array # array declaration first_arr = [[18, 22], [33, 3], [8, 6]] # array declaration second_arr = [[1, 3, 2, 5, 88, 9]] # print statements puts "transpose() output : #{first_arr.transpose()}" puts "transpose() output : #{second_arr.transpose()}"Outputtranspose() output : [[18, 33, 8], [22, 3, 6]] transpose() output : [[1], [3], [2], [5], [88], [9]]Example 2# transpose() in ... Read More