To Print a matrix in spiral format we need to traverse the matrix in a spiral pattern, starting from the outermost layer and gradually moving inward. This approach provides a visually appealing way to display matrix elements. In this article we will use two methods to print a matrix in spiral format, the first method is by using the iterative approach and the other one is using the recursive approach. The examples below will help you understand these methods. Explanation Let us assume we have a 3 x 3 matrix, to print a matrix in spiral format we need to ... Read More

Comb sort algorithm is a simple and efficient comparison−based sorting algorithm, Comb Sort improves upon Bubble Sort by eliminating small values towards the end of the array, resulting in faster sorting times. We can use two methods to implement Comb Sort algorithm in Gzolang, the first method is using a naive approach and the other one is using an optimized approach in which we enhance the efficiency of the algorithm by introducing a flag variable to track swaps. In this article, we will discuss the principle of comb sort algorithm and provide the syntax for the program. Explanation The Comb ... Read More

The median is the element in the middle of a dataset when the dataset is sorted. The Median of Medians algorithm is a powerful technique that is used to find out the median element in an unsorted array. In this article, we will implement median of medians algorithm in golanguage, using two methods like the recursive method and the iterative method. Explanation The Median of Medians algorithm, an efficient technique for determining the median value in an unsorted array. It introduces two distinct methods: the recursive approach and the iterative approach. Recursive Method: The findMedianRecursive function is introduced to ... Read More

The Rabin−Karp algorithm in Golang is a powerful string searching algorithm used to efficiently locate a pattern within a larger text. In this article, we need to implement Rabin Karp algorithm in golanguage that will enable efficient pattern matching and showcasing the flexibility of this algorithm in Golang. We can use methods like the single function approach as well as using the modular approach. Pattern Matching Let us assume we have the text: “ABCABCDABCABC” and the pattern “ABC”, so by implement Rabin Karp algorithm in golanguage we can find out how many times and where this pattern repeat itself in ... Read More

Pthreads is an execution model that helps use multiple processors to work at the same time for solving a problem. It is independent of the programming language. Problem Statement Given an array of integers. Find the sum of all the elements of the array using pthreads. Need for Multithreading for Calculating sum The problem is to add the elements in an array. Although it is a simple problem where a linear traversal of the array can do the work very easily with a time complexity of O(n) where n is the number of elements in the array. But if we ... Read More

Alternate bit pattern implies the positioning of 0’s and 1’s in a number at an alternate position i.e. no two 0s or 1’s are together. For example, 10 in binary representation is (1010)2 which has an alternate bit pattern as 0’s and 1’s are separated by each other. Problem Statement Given an integer, N. Find all the integers in the range 1 to N where the bit pattern of the integer is alternating. Example 1 Input: 10 Output: 1, 2, 5, 10 Explanation $\mathrm{(1)_{10} = (1)_2, (2)_{10} = (10)_2, (5)_{10} = (101)_2, (10)_{10} = (1010)_2}$ Example 2 Input: ... Read More

Jacobsthal Numbers Lucas sequence 𝑈𝑛(𝑃, 𝑄) where P = 1 and Q = -2 are called Jacobsthal numbers. The recurrence relation for Jacobsthal numbers is, $$\mathrm{𝐽_𝑛 = 0\: 𝑓𝑜𝑟 \: 𝑛 = 0}$$ $$\mathrm{𝐽_𝑛 = 1\: 𝑓𝑜𝑟 \: 𝑛 = 1}$$ $$\mathrm{𝐽_𝑛 = 𝐽_𝑛−1 + 2𝐽_{𝑛−2}\: 𝑓𝑜𝑟 \: 𝑛 > 1}$$ Following are the Jacobsthal numbers − 0, 1, 1, 3, 5, 11, 21, 43, 85, 171, 341, 683, 1365, …. Jacobsthal-Lucas Numbers Complementary Lucas sequence $\mathrm{𝑉_𝑛(𝑃, 𝑄)}$ where P = 1 and Q = -2 are called JacobsthalLucas numbers. The recurrence relation for Jacobsthal-Lucas numbers is, $\mathrm{𝐽_𝑛}$ = ... Read More

As the consumption of the cyberspace and cloud-dependent applications proliferates, the gravity of safeguarding online data and transactions becomes more apparent. One of the most commonly employed methodologies for securing online communications is HTTPS, which provides an assurance that the information conveyed between the server and clients is ciphered and cannot be effortlessly intercepted by malevolent third parties. In this manuscript, we will probe into the process of building an HTTPS server with Node.js, an influential and adaptable platform for developing server-side applications using JavaScript. We will go over the fundamentals of SSL certificates, the essential components of an HTTPS ... Read More

In this article, you will learn how to iterate a collection using a loop with an index and element in the Swift language. In this article, you will learn how to use the enumerated() method. In Swift, you can use the enumerated() method to iterate over the elements of a collection and access both the index and the element in each iteration of the loop. enumerated() enumerated() is a method in Swift that allows you to iterate over the elements of a collection, such as an array or a dictionary. It returns a series of tuple elements, each of which ... Read More

This article will explain how you can check if an element exists in an array or not in the Swift language. There are several ways to check if an element is in an array in Swift − Using the contains method The contains(_:) method returns true if an array contains the target element. This method can only be used with arrays whose elements conform to the Equatable protocol. Here is an example where we use contains with an array of strings. String conforms to the Equatable protocol, so we can use the contains method here. Algorithm Step 1 - ... Read More