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How are virtual functions implemented in C++?
Virtual functions in C++ used to create a list of base class pointers and call methods of any of the derived classes without even knowing kind of derived class object. Virtual functions are resolved late, at runtime.Here is an implementation of virtual function in C++ program −Example#include using namespace std; class B { public: virtual void s() { //virtual function cout
Read MoreC++ Program to Implement Disjoint Set Data Structure
Disjoint set is basically as group of sets where no item can be in more than one set. It supports union and find operation on subsets.Find(): It is used to find in which subset a particular element is in and returns the representative of that particular set.Union(): It merges two different subsets into a single subset and representative of one set becomes representative of other.Functions and pseudocodesBegin Assume k is the element makeset(k): k.parent = k. Find(x): If k.parent == k return k. else return Find(k.parent) Union ...
Read MoreC++ Program to Represent Linear Equations in Matrix Form
This is a C++ program to represent Linear Equations in matrix form.AlgorithmBegin 1) Take the no of variables n and the coefficients of each variable as input. 2) Declare a matrix[n][n] and constant[n][1]. 3) Make for loops i = 0 to n-1 and j = 0 to n-1 to take the coefficients of each variable as the elements of the matrix. 4) Display the matrix by using nested for loops. EndExample#include using namespace std; int main(void) { char variable[] = { 'x', 'y', 'z', 'd' }; cout > n; cout > matrix[i][j]; } cin >> constant[i][0]; } cout
Read MoreC++ Program to Implement Modular Exponentiation Algorithm
This is a C++ program to implement Modular Exponentiation Algorithm.AlgorithmBegin function modular(): // Arguments: base, exp, mod. // Body of the function: initialize res = 1 while (exp > 0) if (exp mod 2 == 1) res= (res * base) % mod exp = exp left shift 1 base = (base * base) % mod return res. EndExample#include using namespace std; long long modular(long long base, long long exp, int mod) { long long res = 1; while (exp > 0) { if (exp % 2 == 1) res= (res * base) % mod; exp = exp >> 1; base = (base * base) % mod; } return res; } int main() { long long b, e; int mod; coutb; coute; coutmod; cout
Read MoreC++ Program to Generate N Number of Passwords of Length M Each
This is a C++ Program to Generate N Number of Passwords of Length M Each.AlgorithmBegin Take the length of password as input. function permutation() generate random passwords: /* Arguments A pointer array a. Total Number of random numbers m. Length of the password s. */ // Body of the function: if (m == s) for i = 0 to s-1 Print *(a + i) else for i = m to s-1 ...
Read MoreHow to initialize private static members in C++?
Here we will see how to initialize the private static member variables initialization in C++. We can put static members (Functions or Variables) in C++ classes. For the static variables, we have to initialize them after defining the class.To initialize we have to use the class name then scope resolution operator (::), then the variable name. Now we can assign some value.The following code will illustrate the of static member initializing technique.Example#include using namespace std; class MyClass{ private: static int st_var; public: MyClass(){ st_var++; //increase the value ...
Read MoreMeaning of 'const' last in a function declaration of a C++ class?
Sometimes we can find the keyword ‘const’ present at the last of function declaration. So what does it mean?Using this one function can be made as constant. The idea of constant function is that, the function cannot be modified from the objects, where they are called. It is recommended to use the constant functions in our program.Let us see one example of constant function.Example#include using namespace std; class MyClass { int value; public: MyClass(int val = 0) { value = val; } int getVal() const ...
Read MoreWhat is an unsigned char in C++?
In C++ we have seen there is character type data called char. Sometimes we have seen unsigned char also. So here we will see what is basically the unsigned char means. What are the basic differences between signed char and unsigned char?Signed char and unsigned char both are used to store single character. The variable stores the ASCII value of the characters. For an example if ‘A’ is stored, actually it will hold 65. For signed char we need not to write the signed keyword. But for unsigned, we have to mention the keyword. The syntax is like below.unsigned char ...
Read MoreWhat is a reentrant function in C/C++?
Here we will see what is the reentrant function in C or C++. One function is said to be a reentrant function if there is a provision to interrupt that function in the course of execution, then service the ISR (Interrupt Service Routine) and then resume the task. This type of functions is used in different cases like, recursions, hardware interrupt handling.For a reentrant function there should be some properties. These are listed below −This type of function will not use any global or static variable. There are no restrictions, but it is generally not advised. This is because the ...
Read MoreWhat's the difference between __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, __FUNCTION__, __func__ in C/C++?
Here we will see what are the differences between __FUNCTION__, __func__ and the __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ in C++.Basically the __FUNCTION__ and __func__ are same. Some old versions of C and C++ supports __func__. This macro is used to get the name of the current function. The _PRETTY_FUNCTION__ is used to return the detail about the function. Using this we can get which function is used, and in which class it is belonging, etc.Example#include using namespace std; class MyClass{ public: void Class_Function(){ cout
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