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Regular cast vs. static_cast vs. dynamic_cast in C++
static_cast − This is used for the normal/ordinary type conversion. This is also the cast responsible for implicit type coersion and can also be called explicitly. You should use it in cases like converting float to int, char to int, etc.dynamic_cast −This cast is used for handling polymorphism. You only need to use it when you're casting to a derived class. This is exclusively to be used in inheritence when you cast from base class to derived class.Regular Cast − This is the most powerful cast available in C++ as it combines const_cast, static_cast and reinterpret_cast. but it's also unsafe ...
Read MoreIs segmentation fault actual undefined behavior in C++?
Undefined behavior is a way to give freedom to implementors (e.g. of compilers or of OSes) and to computers to do whatever they "want", in other words, to not care about consequences.The cases in which segmentation fault occurs are transient in nature. They won't always result in a segmentation fault but can also run correctly(or at least appear to). For example, consider the following code fragment −#include int main() { int arr[2]; arr[0] = 0; arr[1] = 1; arr[2] = 2; // Undefined behaviour ...
Read MoreWhy aren't variable-length arrays part of the C++ standard?
Having to create a potential large array on the stack, which usually has only little space available, isn't good. If you know the size beforehand, you can use a static array. And if you don't know the size beforehand, you will write unsafe code. Variable-length arrays can not be included natively in C++ because they'll require huge changes in the type system.An alternative to Variable-length arrays in C++ is provided in the C++ STL, the vector. You can use it like −Example#include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector vec; vec.push_back(1); ...
Read MoreRule of Three vs Rule of Five in C++?
The Rule of three is a rule of thumb when using C++. This is kind of a good practice rule that says that If your class needs any ofa copy constructor, an assignment operator, or a destructor, defined explicitly, then it is likely to need all three of them.Why is this? Its because, if your class requires any of the above, it is managing dynamically allocated resources and would likely be needing the other to successfully achieve that. For example, if you require an assignment operator, you would be creating copies of objects currently being copied by reference, hence allocating ...
Read MoreWhat is Rule of Five in C++11?
The rule of five is applied in C++ for resource management. Resource management frees the client from having to worry about the lifetime of the managed object, potentially eliminating memory leaks and other problems in the C++ code. But this management comes at a cost. The Rule of The Big Five states that if you have to write one of the following functions then you have to have a policy for all of them. If we have an Object Foo then we can have a FooManager that handles the resource Foo. When implementing FooManager, you'll likely all need the following ...
Read MoreWhat are the differences between -std = c++11 and -std = gnu++11?
GNU C++ compiler, g++, provides extensions to the C++ language. The difference between the two options is whether these GNU extensions that might violate the C++ standard are enabled or not. Note that some extensions can still be in effect when using -std = c++11, if they don't violate the standard.The list of extensions to the C++ language in GNU compiler can be found here − https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/C_002b_002b-Extensions.html
Read MoreC++11 Overview
C++11 is the modern C++ standard published in 2011. This brought many major extensions and improvements to the existing language. It was approved by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) on 12 August 2011 and replaced C++03.C++11 was also known as C++0x. This is because, For the next revision, it was supposed that the next Standard after would be done by 2008, but since it was uncertain, it was named C++0x, where the x stood for either 8 or 9. Though planning shifted and it is now called C++11. So, C++0x was the name for the standard before it was published. ...
Read MoreHow to access a local variable from a different function using C++ pointers?
You can't access a local variable once it goes out of scope. This is what it means to be a local variable. Though, Let us look at an example where you MIGHT be able to access a local variable's memory outside its scope.Example#include int* foo() { int x = 3; return &x; } int main() { int* address = foo(); cout
Read MoreWrite Python program to find duplicate rows in a binary matrix
Given a binary matrix contains 0 and 1, our task is to find duplicate rows and print it.Python provides Counter() method which is used here.ExampleInput: 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Output: (1, 1, 1, 1) (0, 0, 0, 0)AlgorithmStep 1: Create a binary matrix, only 0 and 1 elements are present. Step 2: Which will have rows as key and it’s frequency as value. Lists are mutable so first, we will cast each row (list) into a tuple. Step 3: Create a dictionary using the counter method. Step 4: ...
Read MorePython program to check whether a given string is Heterogram or not
Here one string is given then our task is to check weather a given string is Heterogram or not.The meaning of heterogram checking is that a word, phrase, or sentence in which no letter of the alphabet occurs more than once. A heterogram may be distinguished from a pangram which uses all of the letters of the alphabet.ExampleString is abc def ghiThis is Heterogram (no alphabet repeated)String is abc bcd dfhThis is not Heterogram. (b, c, d are repeated)AlgorithmStep 1: first we separate out list of all alphabets present in sentence. Step 2: Convert list of alphabets into set because ...
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