Let us understand mysql_upgrade program −UsageEvery time MySQL is upgraded, the user should execute mysql_upgrade, that looks for incompatibilities with the upgraded MySQL server.It upgrades the system tables in the mysql schema so that the user can take advantage of new privileges or capabilities that could have been added after the upgrade.It basically upgrades the Performance Schema and sys schema.It also examines user schemas.If mysql_upgrade finds that a table has a possible incompatibility, it performs a table check and, if some problems are found, attempts a table repair operationThe mysql_upgrade can be used as shown below −Ensure that the server ... Read More

The mysql_tzinfo_to_sql program helps load the time zone tables in the mysql database. It is used on systems which have a zoneinfo database, i.e the set of files that describe the time zones. Examples of such systems include Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, and macOS. One most probable location for these files is the /usr/share/zoneinfo directory (/usr/share/lib/zoneinfo on Solaris).Invoking mysql_tzinfo_to_sqlIf the system doesn’t have a zoneinfo database, the downloadable package can be installed. The mysql_tzinfo_to_sql can be invoked in many ways. Some of them have been shown below −shell> mysql_tzinfo_to_sql tz_dir (or) shell> mysql_tzinfo_to_sql tz_file tz_name (or) shell> mysql_tzinfo_to_sql --leap tz_fileIn the ... Read More

Let us understand mysql_ssl_rsa_setup program −This program helps create the SSL certificate, key files and the RSA key-pair files that are required to support secure connections with the help of SSL and secure password exchange using RSA over unencrypted connections, if they are missing. The mysql_ssl_rsa_setup program can be used to create new SSL files if the existing ones have expired.Invoking mysql_ssl_rsa_setupThe mysql_ssl_rsa_setup can be invoked as shown below −shell> mysql_ssl_rsa_setup [options]Some of the options include --datadir which is used to specify where to create the files, and the --verbose option to see the ‘openssl’ commands that mysql_ssl_rsa_setup executes.The ‘mysql_ssl_rsa_setup’ ... Read More

What is mysql_secure_installation?Let us understand the MySQL installation related program mysql_secure_installation −This program enables the user to improve the security of their MySQL installation in the below mentioned ways:The user can set a password for root accounts.The user can remove root accounts which are accessible from outside the local host.The user can remove anonymous-user accounts.The user can remove the test database which, by default, can be accessed by all users, even anonymous users), and privileges that permit anyone to access databases with names that start with test_.The mysql_secure_installation helps the user to implement security recommendations.Normal usage is to connect to ... Read More

Let us understand mysql_plugin utlity used in MySQL −The mysql_plugin utility allows MySQL administrators to manage the plugins that a MySQL server loads.It provides an alternative to manually specify the --plugin-load option at server startup or with the help of INSTALL PLUGIN and UNINSTALL PLUGIN statements at runtime.Depending on whether mysql_plugin is invoked to enable or disable plugins, the utility inserts or deletes rows respectively, in the mysql.plugin table which serves as a plugin registry.For normal server startups, the server loads and enables the plugins which are listed in mysql.plugin automatically.For additional control over the activation of the plugin, the ... Read More

The mysql_install_db handles the initialization tasks which need to be performed before the MySQL server i.e mysqld is ready to use. It initializes the MySQL data directory and helps create the system tables that it contains. It initializes the system tablespace and the related data structures that are reuqired to manage the InnoDB tables.Secure-by-Default DeploymentThe current versions of mysql_install_db would produce a MySQL deployment which is secure by default. It has the below mentioned characteristics.A single administrative account named 'root'@'localhost' is created with a randomly generated password and is marked as expired.No anonymous user accounts are created.No test database which ... Read More

The comp_err creates the errmsg.sys file which is used by mysqld to determine the error messages that need to be displayed for different error codes. After the current update to MySQL, the error information comes from the messages_to_error_log.txt and messages_to_clients.txt files in the share directory.Before MySQL 8.0.19, the error information used to come from the errmsg-utf8.txt file in the sql/share directory. The comp_err also generates the mysqld_error.h, mysqld_ername.h, and mysqld_errmsg.h header files.The comp_err can be invoked in the following way −shell> comp_err [options]It supports the below options −--charset=dir_name, -C dir_nameIt is the character set directory. The default is ../sql/share/charsets.--debug=debug_options, -# ... Read More

There are 5 MySQL installation related programs. They have been listed, and discussed in brief below −comp_errmysql_secure_installationmysql_tzinfo_to_sqlmysql_upgradecomp_errThe comp_err creates the errmsg.sys file which is used by mysqld to determine the error messages that need to be displayed for different error codes. The comp_err also generates the mysqld_error.h, mysqld_ername.h, and mysqld_errmsg.h header files.The comp_err can be invoked in the following way −shell> comp_err [options]mysql_secure_installationThis mysql_secure_installation program enables the user to improve the security of their MySQL installation in the below mentioned ways −The user can set a password for root accounts.The user can remove root accounts which are accessible from outside ... Read More

The mysqld_multi command has been designed to manage several mysqld processes which listen for connections on different Unix socket files and TCP/IP ports. It can be used to start or stop servers, or report their current status.It can be invoked using the below code −shell> mysqld_multi [options] {start|stop|reload|report} [GNR[, GNR] ...]The start, stop, reload (stop and restart), and report indicate which operation needs to be performed. The designated operation can be performed for a single server or multiple servers, and this depends on the GNR list that follows the option name. GNR is the group number.Let us take an example ... Read More

The mysql.server will change the location to the MySQL installation directory. It will then invoke the mysqld_safe. To run the server as a specific user, an appropriate user option can be added to the [mysqld] group of the global /etc/my.cnf option file.It changes location to the MySQL installation directory, and later invokes mysqld_safe.To run the server as a specific user, an appropriate user option can be added to the [mysqld] group of the global /etc/my.cnf option file.It may be required to edit the mysql.server if it was installed as a binary distribution of MySQL in a nonstandard location.It has to ... Read More