In a distributed system, the atomic commit protocol is a protocol that ensures that a transaction is either committed or rolled back in its entirety, even if the system fails or some of the nodes fail or crash. This is important for maintaining the consistency and integrity of the data in the system. There are several different algorithms that can be used to implement the atomic commit protocol, including the two-phase commit protocol and the three-phase commit protocol. The two-phase commit protocol is the most common and involves two phases: the prepare phase and the commit phase. In the prepare ... Read More

MIME is a way to encode binary files for transmission over the internet, so that they can be sent as part of email messages. It allows users to send and receive files of different types, such as images, audio, video, and other multimedia content, as well as plain text and other types of documents. MIME is used to specify the type of content being sent, as well as to provide additional information about the content, such as the name of the file, the character set being used, and the encoding method. MIME is implemented in most email clients and web ... Read More

Outbound SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) extensions are optional features that can be used to improve the functionality of email messages. These extensions are negotiated between the sending and receiving mail servers during the SMTP conversation, which occurs when an email is sent from one server to another. Outbound SMTP extensions that have been defined, including 8BITMIME − Allows 8-bit data to be transmitted over SMTP, allowing for the use of non-ASCII characters in email messages. BINARYMIME − Allows binary data to be transmitted as part of an email message. CHUNKING − Allows large messages to be sent in ... Read More

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a protocol for transmitting email messages. An SMTP service extension is a feature or capability that can be added to the base SMTP protocol to provide additional functionality. These extensions are defined in the form of parameters that can be included in the SMTP command stream to indicate support for a particular extension or to provide additional information needed to use the extension. List of SMTP Service Extension Parameters Here is a list of some common SMTP service extensions − EHLO (Extended Hello) − This extension allows an SMTP client to negotiate the ... Read More

Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP) is a protocol for sending email messages between servers. It is an extension of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), which is the standard protocol for sending email messages on the Internet. ESMTP was designed to allow for greater flexibility and functionality in the exchange of email messages. In ESMTP, additional commands and functionality are added to the original SMTP protocol to allow for the exchange of more complex email messages, such as messages with attachments or messages in different character sets. ESMTP also includes mechanisms for negotiating the use of these additional features ... Read More

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) media types, also known as media type or content type, are used to specify the type and format of content transmitted over the Internet. They are defined in the HTTP header of a request or response and are used to indicate the type of data being sent or received. For example, the media type "text/html" indicates that the content being sent or received is HTML formatted text. Other common media types include "application/json" for JSON data and "image/jpeg" for JPEG images. The media type is composed of two parts: the type and the subtype. The ... Read More

Base64 encoding is a way to represent binary data in ASCII text format. It is often used for include small images in HTML, CSS, or JavaScript, or anything else text based. To encode data in Base64, the data is first converted to binary data and then broken into groups of 6 bits. Each group is then represented by a printable ASCII character. There are 64 characters in the Base64 "alphabet", which is why it is called Base64. The characters used are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, +, and /. For example, the letter 'A' in Base64 is represented as 'QQ==', and the ... Read More

RFC 5322 is a standard that defines the format of internet messages, such as email messages. It specifies the structure and content of email messages, including the headers, body, and attachments. The standard is maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and is an important reference for anyone working with email or other internet messages. It is also known as the Internet Message Format Standard. Here are a few more points about RFC 5322 − It replaces an earlier standard called RFC 822, which was published in 1982. It is written in ... Read More

In computing, a user agent is a string that a web browser or other client software sends to a web server along with each request to identify itself and its capabilities. The user agent string contains information about the browser version, operating system, device type, and other details that can be used to identify the client. Web servers use this information to tailor their responses to the specific client, such as by sending back content that is optimized for the client's device type or by modifying the layout of the content to better fit the client's display size. The user ... Read More

Overview The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is an international organization that plays a vital role in the functioning of the Internet. It is responsible for coordinating the maintenance and procedures of several databases related to the namespaces and numerical spaces of the Internet, including domain names and IP addresses. In this article, we will take a closer look at what ICANN is, what it does, and how it impacts the daily use of the Internet. Internet First, it is important to understand the basic structure of the Internet. At its most basic level, the Internet is ... Read More