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MCA Articles
Page 20 of 95
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is a set of ANSI and ISO standards for high-speed data transmission in local area networks (LANs) using fiber optic cables. It was designed for large LANs that can extend up to 200 kilometers in diameter, providing reliable backbone connectivity for enterprise networks. Key Features Dual Ring Architecture − Uses two counter-rotating token rings for redundancy and fault tolerance. High Data Rate − Provides 100 Mbps transmission speed, supporting thousands of users simultaneously. Fiber Optic Medium − Uses optical fiber as the physical transmission medium for immunity ...
Read MoreBandwidth-Limited Signals
The range of frequencies that are used for transmitting a signal without being substantially attenuated is called the bandwidth. It is calculated as the difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies and is expressed in Hertz (Hz). For example, if the minimum frequency is 100 Hz and the maximum frequency is 1000 Hz, the bandwidth will be 900 Hz. The bandwidth of a transmission medium is the frequency width of the medium and depends on its physical characteristics like thickness, material, and length. For example, the bandwidth of a coaxial cable is typically 750 MHz. ...
Read MoreRemovable Media in Computer Network
The primary purpose of computer networks is to transfer data from a source machine to a destination machine. One of the elementary ways to transfer data between machines is to use removable storage media. This method, often called "sneakernet, " involves physical transportation of storage devices between computers. How It Works The data transfer process using removable media follows these steps: Copy data from the source computer to the removable storage device Physically transport the removable device to the destination computer Copy data from the removable device to the destination computer ...
Read MoreDifference between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
Circuit Switching and Packet Switching are two fundamental approaches to data transmission in computer networks. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path, while packet switching divides data into packets that travel independently through the network. Circuit Switching Circuit switching is a connection-oriented service that provides a dedicated path from the sender to the receiver. A connection setup is required before data transmission can begin. This method has very little chance of data loss due to the dedicated circuit, but bandwidth can be wasted since the same path cannot be used by other senders during transmission. Circuit switching is ...
Read MoreNMAP Cheat Sheet
Nmap is a free open source tool, employed to discover hosts and services on a computer network by sending packets and analyzing the retrieved responses. Nmap offers features for probing computer networks, including host discovery and service and operating system detection. Nmap provides additional information on targets, including reverse DNS names, device types, and MAC addresses. It supports scriptable interaction through the Nmap Scripting Engine (NSE) for advanced network reconnaissance. Nmap Network Discovery Process Scanner Host Discovery ...
Read MoreA Protocol Using Go-Back-N
Go-Back-N protocol, also called Go-Back-N Automatic Repeat reQuest, is a data link layer protocol that uses a sliding window method for reliable and sequential delivery of data frames. It is a case of sliding window protocol having to send window size of N and receiving window size of 1. Working Principle Go-Back-N ARQ provides for sending multiple frames before receiving the acknowledgment for the first frame. The frames are sequentially numbered and a finite number of frames. The maximum number of frames that can be sent depends upon the size of the sending window. If the acknowledgment of ...
Read MoreWhat is IEEE 802.3?
IEEE 802.3 is a set of standards and protocols that define Ethernet-based networks. Ethernet technologies are primarily used in LANs, though they can also be used in MANs and even WANs. IEEE 802.3 defines the physical layer and the medium access control (MAC) sub-layer of the data link layer for wired Ethernet networks. The IEEE 802.3 standard specifies how data is transmitted over various physical media, including coaxial cables, twisted pair cables, and fiber optic cables. It also defines the CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) access method used in traditional Ethernet networks. IEEE 802.3 Popular ...
Read MoreComparison of Fiber Optics and Copper Wire
Fiber optic cables are finding increasing usage due to a number of advantages over the traditional copper wires. However, there are a few drawbacks in their usage too that need to be considered when choosing the appropriate transmission medium. Fiber Optic vs Copper Wire Transmission Fiber Optic Cable Light signals Glass core High speed Copper Wire ...
Read MoreFiber Optic Communications
In fiber optic communication, data is transmitted from the source to the destination by sending light pulses through optical fibers. It changes electrical pulses to light signals and vice versa for communication. Fiber optic communications are preferred when a huge amount of data needs to be transmitted across large distances. Fiber Optic Communication Process Electrical Input Transmitter (LED/Laser) E→L Convert ...
Read MoreFiber Cables
Optical fiber cables are transparent, flexible fibers made of glass or plastic that transmit data using light waves. These cables form the backbone of modern high-speed internet, telecommunications, and data center networks due to their superior bandwidth and transmission capabilities. Fiber Optic Cable Bundle Individual fibers Protective Sheath Multiple glass/plastic fibers bundled in protective coating Structure ...
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