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MCA Articles
Page 19 of 95
What are the types of HDLC Frames?
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) is a bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol that provides error-free transmission of data between network points. It supports both connection-oriented and connectionless services, organizing data into structured units called frames for reliable transmission across networks. HDLC frames are transmitted over synchronous or asynchronous links using frame delimiters called flags, which contain specific bit sequences that mark the beginning and end of each frame without appearing within the frame content itself. Types of HDLC Frames HDLC defines three distinct types of frames, each serving different communication purposes: Information Frames (I-Frames) ...
Read MoreHow does the MANETS AODV Reactive Routing Protocol work?
MANET stands for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network. It is an infrastructure-less collection of mobile nodes that can arbitrarily change their geographic locations, creating networks with dynamic topologies composed of bandwidth-constrained wireless links. MANET nodes are equipped with wireless transmitters and receivers. Based on node positions, coverage designs, and transmission power levels, wireless connectivity exists between nodes in the form of a random, multi-hop graph. Current applications include defense services, emergency search and rescue, meetings, conventions, and scenarios requiring quick information sharing without fixed infrastructure. Unpredictable topological changes make route discovery and maintenance challenging in these networks. Conventional routing protocols ...
Read MoreARP, Reverse ARP, Inverse ARP, Proxy ARP, and Gratuitous ARP
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol that works on the TCP/IP Layer 2, mapping IP addresses to MAC addresses within a local network segment. ARP helps to get the MAC address of the connected router or gateway from the IP address. ARP is a request-response protocol in which one device sends a request to another device asking for some information, and the other device responds with the required information. ARP packets are encapsulated by a link-layer and are distributed only in a specific network. ARP is considered a link-layer protocol. How Does ARP Work? ...
Read MoreCisco Router Modes
Cisco routers are a vital component of modern networks, and they come with a hierarchical command-line interface organized into different modes. Each mode provides specific levels of access and functionality, allowing network administrators to view information, configure settings, and manage routing protocols effectively. Understanding these modes and their proper usage is essential for network administrators to optimize network performance, implement security policies, and troubleshoot issues efficiently. Each mode has distinct capabilities and access restrictions that control what commands can be executed. Cisco Router Command Modes Hierarchy ...
Read MorePerformance Problems in Computer Networks
Network performance refers to the quality and speed of a network's transmission of data between devices. It is typically measured by factors such as bandwidth, latency, and throughput. Network performance is critical because it determines how effectively devices can communicate and access shared resources like internet services or file servers. Poor network performance leads to slow response times, reduced productivity, and frustrated users. Common Network Performance Problems Bandwidth Bottlenecks Insufficient capacity Interference Signal ...
Read MoreCAN Protocol
The Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol is a robust communication protocol originally developed for the automotive industry but now widely used across various sectors including industrial automation, medical equipment, and avionics. It is a serial communication protocol that implements a multi-master, distributed control system where any device (node) on the network can initiate communication. The protocol enables devices to share information and synchronize actions without requiring a central controller. CAN uses collision detection and arbitration methods to ensure only one node transmits at a time, preventing data collisions on the shared bus. Why CAN? The CAN protocol ...
Read MoreBerkeley's Algorithm
Berkeley's Algorithm is a distributed algorithm for computing the correct time in a network of computers. The algorithm is designed to work in a network where clocks may be running at slightly different rates, and some computers may experience intermittent communication failures. The basic idea behind Berkeley's Algorithm is that each computer in the network periodically sends its local time to a designated master computer, which then computes the correct time for the network based on the received timestamps. The master computer then sends the correct time back to all the computers in the network, and each computer adjusts ...
Read MoreCable TV Networks
Cable television networks are television channels that are delivered to viewers through cable television systems, as opposed to broadcast television, satellite television, or the internet. Some examples of popular cable TV networks in the United States include ESPN, TNT, and HBO. Cable networks can also be divided into categories, such as news networks (CNN, Fox News), sports networks (ESPN, NBC Sports), movie networks (HBO, Showtime), and lifestyle networks (Food Network, HGTV). Cable networks operate by subscription where viewers pay the operator to get access to the channels. The cable television infrastructure uses coaxial cables or fiber-optic cables to deliver ...
Read MoreProcess-Based and Thread-Based Multitasking
Multitasking is a fundamental capability of modern operating systems that enables computers to execute multiple tasks concurrently. Two primary approaches to multitasking exist: process-based multitasking and thread-based multitasking. Each approach offers distinct advantages and trade-offs in terms of resource utilization, performance, and system design. Process-Based Multitasking Definition and Purpose Process-based multitasking involves the execution of multiple processes concurrently. Each process operates independently and possesses its own memory space, system resources, and execution context. The operating system allocates CPU time to each process, enabling them to progress simultaneously and giving the illusion of parallel execution. Key Features ...
Read MoreProcess Scheduler: PCBs and Queueing
In operating systems, process scheduling plays a vital role in achieving efficient task execution. A key aspect of process scheduling is the management of Process Control Blocks (PCBs) and the utilization of various queueing techniques. This article explores the significance of PCBs and queueing in the process scheduler, highlighting their role in optimizing system performance. Process Control Blocks (PCBs) Definition and Purpose A Process Control Block (PCB) is a data structure that stores essential information about each process in the system. Each process has a corresponding PCB that holds crucial details related to its execution, resource requirements, ...
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