Here we will see what are the sizes of the int and long type data in C++. The sizes are depending on the system architecture and the Operating system.So in the 32-bit system, the standard is ILP32. In this standard the int, long and the pointer variables are of 32-bits.For the 64-bit system there are two variations. For Linux Operating system the standard is LP64. Here long and pointer are of 64-bits, but int are of 32-bits. For the Windows operating system, the standard is LLP64. Here long long is 64-bit, but int and long are of 32-bits.Example#include using ... Read More

Here we will see, when constructors are called. Here constructors are of different types. Global, local, static local, dynamic.For the global object, the constructors are called before entering into the main function.Example#include using namespace std; class MyClass {    public:       MyClass() {          cout

The Rule of three is a rule of thumb when using C++. This is kind of a good practice rule that says that If your class needs any ofa copy constructor, an assignment operator, or a destructor, defined explicitly, then it is likely to need all three of them.Why is this? It’s because, if your class requires any of the above, it is managing dynamically allocated resources and would likely be needing the other to successfully achieve that. For example, if you require an assignment operator, you would be creating copies of objects currently being copied by reference, hence allocating ... Read More

Here we will see what will be the results, if we exceed the range of built-in datatypes in C++. So let us see some examples.First one is the character type data. Here we are using a loop from 0 to 300, so it should print from 0 to 300, then stop. But it will generate one infinite loop. The character type data holds from -128 to 127. So after increasing from 127, it will be -128 again. So it will never reach at the point 300.Example#include using namespace std; int main() {    for (char x = 0; x ... Read More

Here we will see what are the differences for set, multiset, unordered_set and unordered_multiset in C++. Let us see the properties of them using some example.SetThe properties of set are like belowStores data in sorted orderStores only unique valuesWe can insert or delete data, but cannot change the dataWe can remove more than one element using start and end iteratorWe can traverse using iteratorsSets are implemented using Binary Search TreeNow let us see an exampleExample#include #include using namespace std; main() {    int data[15] = {11, 55, 22, 66, 33, 22, 11, 44, 77, 88, 66, 99, 66, 23, 41};    set my_set;    for(int i = 0; i

To find the factorial of a large number, we can use the boost library. This library provides high precision numbers. Using boost multiprecision library we can get more precision than 64 bits.Example#include #include using boost::multiprecision::cpp_int; using namespace std; cpp_int Large_Fact(int number) {    cpp_int fact = 1;    for (int i = 1; i > fact >> endl; }Output9332621544394415268169923885626670049071596826438162146859296389521759999322 9915608941463976156518286253697920827223758251185210916864000000000000000000 000000

The function overriding is the most common feature of C++. Basically function overriding means redefine a function which is present in the base class, also be defined in the derived class. So the function signatures are the same but the behavior will be different.But there may be a situation when a programmer makes a mistake while overriding that function. Like if the signature is not the same, then that will be treated as another function, but not the overridden method or that. In that case, we can use the override keyword. This keyword is introduced in C+ +11. When the ... Read More

The feclearexcept() function is used to clear the supported floating point exceptions represented by the excepts.This function returns 0, if all exceptions are cleared, or the exception value is 0. And returns nonzero value for some exceptions.To use this function, we have to enable the FENV_ACCESS. This will give our program to access the floating point environment to test the exception raised.Example#include #include #include #pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS on using namespace std; main() {    feclearexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT);    sqrt(-5);    if (fetestexcept(FE_INVALID))       cout >> "sqrt(-5) will generate FE_INVALID" >> endl; }Outputsqrt(-5) will generate FE_INVALIDRead More

The static_cast is used for the normal/ordinary type conversion. This is also the cast responsible for implicit type coercion and can also be called explicitly. You should use it in cases like converting float to int, char to int, etc. This can cast related type classes.Example#include using namespace std; int main() {    float x = 4.26;    int y = x; // C like cast    int z = static_cast(x);    cout >> "Value after casting: " >> z; }OutputValue after casting: 4If the types are not same it will generate some error.Example#include using namespace std; class Base ... Read More

Here we will see how to count number of objects are created from a specific class using some static member functions. The static members are class properties, not the object properties. For a single class there will be only one instance for static members. No new members are created for each objects.In this problem we are using one static counter variable to keep track the number of objects, then static member will be there to display the count value.When a new object is created, so the constructor will be called. Inside the constructor, the count value is increased. Thus we ... Read More