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Computer Engineering Articles
Page 17 of 36
What is Piggybacking in Networking?
In reliable full-duplex data transmission, the technique of hooking up acknowledgments onto outgoing data frames is called piggybacking. Why Piggybacking? Communications are mostly full-duplex in nature, i.e. data transmission occurs in both directions. A method to achieve full-duplex communication is to consider both the communication as a pair of simplex communication. Each link comprises a forward channel for sending data and a reverse channel for sending acknowledgments. However, in the above arrangement, traffic load doubles for each data unit that is transmitted. Half of all data transmission comprise of transmission of acknowledgments. So, a solution that ...
Read MoreBandwidth Delay Product
Bandwidth Delay Product (BDP) is a measurement of how many bits can fill up a network link. It gives the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted by the sender at a given time before waiting for acknowledgment. Thus it represents the maximum amount of unacknowledged data that can be "in flight" on the network. Bandwidth Delay Product Visualization Sender Receiver Data Transmission Acknowledgment BDP = Bandwidth × Round Trip Time ...
Read MoreWhat is pipelining?
In computer networking, pipelining is the method of sending multiple data units without waiting for an acknowledgment for the first frame sent. Pipelining ensures better utilization of network resources and also increases the speed of delivery, particularly in situations where a large number of data units make up a message to be sent. How Pipelining Works In traditional stop-and-wait protocols, the sender transmits one frame and waits for its acknowledgment before sending the next frame. This approach leads to inefficient use of available bandwidth, especially in high-latency networks. Pipelining allows multiple frames to be transmitted continuously without waiting ...
Read MoreGo-Back-N ARQ
Go-Back-N Automatic Repeat reQuest (Go-Back-N ARQ) is a data link layer protocol that uses a sliding window method for reliable and sequential delivery of data frames. It is a case of sliding window protocol having a send window size of N and receiving window size of 1. This protocol allows multiple frames to be transmitted before receiving acknowledgments, but requires retransmission of all frames starting from the first unacknowledged frame if any frame is lost or corrupted. Working Principle Go-Back-N ARQ uses the concept of protocol pipelining, sending multiple frames before receiving acknowledgment for the first frame. ...
Read MoreNetwork Control Protocol (NCP)
Network Control Protocol (NCP) is a set of protocols forming a part of Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). PPP is a data link layer protocol that is used to transmit multiprotocol data between two directly connected (point-to-point) computers. PPP is composed of Link Control Protocol (LCP), Authentication Protocol (AP), and Network Control Protocol (NCP). NCPs are used for negotiating the parameters and facilities for the network layer. For every higher-layer protocol supported by PPP, one corresponding NCP is implemented to handle its specific configuration requirements. How NCP Works NCPs operate at the network layer within the PPP framework. They ...
Read MoreWhat is Payload in Computer Network?
In computer networking and telecommunications, when a transmission unit is sent from the source to the destination, it contains both a header and the actual data to be transmitted. This actual data is called the payload. The header contains the protocol information as well as the source and destination addresses, which are required for delivery of the payload. The payload is the essential information required by the destination client. Data Link Layer Frame Structure Header Control Info Payload (Actual Data) Data ...
Read MoreAsymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL)
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a type of broadband communications technology that transmits digital data at a high bandwidth over existing phone lines to homes and businesses. The term "asymmetric" refers to the different upstream and downstream data rates, with downstream typically being much faster. In order to access ADSL, a Digital Subscriber Line modem (DSL modem) is installed at the client side. The DSL modem sends data bits over the local loop of the telephone network. The local loop is a two-wire connection between the subscriber's house and the end office of the telephone company. The data ...
Read MoreADSL protocol stacks
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a type of broadband communications technology that transmits digital data at a high bandwidth over existing phone lines to homes and businesses. The term "asymmetric" refers to the different data transmission speeds for upstream (from customer to provider) and downstream (from provider to customer) traffic. The ADSL protocol stack depicts the set of protocols and layers that work together to enable data transmission over traditional telephone infrastructure. This layered approach ensures reliable, efficient data delivery while maintaining compatibility with existing telephone systems. How ADSL Works To access ADSL, a Digital Subscriber ...
Read MoreWhat is a Virtual Circuit Identifier (VCID)?
A Virtual Circuit Identifier (VCID or VCI) is a label assigned to each virtual circuit in a packet-switched network that determines the path a data unit must follow from source to destination. A virtual circuit (VC) is a communication technique that creates the appearance of a dedicated physical connection between two systems, even though the data actually travels through a shared packet-switched network infrastructure. How Virtual Circuits Work VCIDs enable efficient network resource utilization by allowing multiple virtual circuits to share the same physical links simultaneously. The same VCID can be reused on different network segments for ...
Read MoreATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
In Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks, the ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) provides facilities for non-ATM based networks to connect to ATM network and use its services. AAL is basically a software layer that accepts user data, which may be digitized voice, video or computer data, and makes them suitable for transmission over an ATM network. The transmissions can be of fixed or variable data rate. AAL accepts higher layer packets and segments them into fixed sized ATM cells before transmission via ATM. It also reassembles the received segments to the higher layer packets. ATM ...
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