C Articles - Page 109 of 134

Here we will see, one program can be written without main or not? The answer is yes. We can write program, that has no main() function.In many places, we have seen that the main() is the entry point of a program execution. Just from the programmers perspective this is true. From the system’s perspective it is not true. So the system at first calls the _start(), this sets up the environment, then main is called.To execute this program we have to use this option ‘-nostartfiles’.Example#include extern void _exit(register int); int _start() {    printf("Program without main");       ... Read More

Here we will see how to print long int value using the putchar() function in C. We can easily print the value of some variables using printf() in C, but here the restriction is, we cannot use any other function except putchar().As we know that the putchar() is used to print only characters. We can use this function to print each digit of the number. When one numeric value is passed, we have to add character ‘0’ with it to get the ASCII form. Let us see the code to get the better idea.Example#include void print_long(long value) {   ... Read More

In this problem, one floating point value is given. We have to find number of set bits in the binary representation of it.For example, if a floating point number is 0.15625, so there are six set bits. A typical C compiler used single precision floating point representation. So it will be look like this.To convert into its bit values, we have to take the number into one pointer variable, then typecast the pointer to char* type data. Then process each byte one by one. Then we can count set bits of each char.Example#include int char_set_bit_count(char number) {    unsigned ... Read More

To use the sizeof(), we can take the value using a variable x, using &x, it will print the address of it. Now if we increase the value of &x then it may increase in different way. If only one byte is increased, that means it is character, if the increased value is 4, then it is int or float and so on. So by taking the difference between &x + 1 and &x, we can get the size of x.Here we will use macro as the datatype is not defined in the function. And one more thing, we are ... Read More

Here we will see how to print the memory representation of C variables. Here we will show integers, floats, and pointers.To solve this problem, we have to follow these steps −Get the address and the size of the variableTypecast the address to the character pointer to get byte addressNow loop for the size of the variable and print the value of typecasted pointer.Example#include typedef unsigned char *byte_pointer; //create byte pointer using char* void disp_bytes(byte_pointer ptr, int len) {     //this will take byte pointer, and print memory content    int i;    for (i = 0; i < ... Read More

In C we can pass parameters in two different ways. These are call by value, and call by address, In C++, we can get another technique. This is called Call by reference. Let us see the effect of these, and how they work.First we will see call by value. In this technique, the parameters are copied to the function arguments. So if some modifications are done, that will update the copied value, not the actual value.Example#include using namespace std; void my_swap(int x, int y) {    int temp;    temp = x;    x = y;    y = ... Read More

In some applications, we have seen that some functions are declared inside another function. This is sometimes known as nested function, but actually this is not the nested function. This is called the lexical scoping. Lexical scoping is not valid in C because the compiler is unable to reach correct memory location of inner function.Nested function definitions cannot access local variables of surrounding blocks. They can access only global variables. In C there are two nested scopes the local and the global. So nested function has some limited use. If we want to create nested function like below, it will ... Read More

If some function has no return type, then the return type will be int implicitly. If return type is not present, then it will not generate any error. However, C99 version does not allow return type to be omitted even if it is int.Example#include my_function(int x) {    return x * 2; } main(void) {    printf("Value is: %d", my_function(10)); }OutputValue is: 20

In C or C++, we have used the switch-case statement. In the switch statement we pass some value, and using different cases, we can check the value. Here we will see that we can use ranges in the case statement.The syntax of using range in Case is like below −case low … highAfter writing case, we have to put lower value, then one space, then three dots, then another space, and the higher value.In the following program, we will see what will be the output for the range based case statement.Example#include main() {    int data[10] = { 5, ... Read More

We have seen sometimes the strings are made using char s[], or sometimes char *s. So here we will see is there any difference or they are same?There are some differences. The s[] is an array, but *s is a pointer. For an example, if two declarations are like char s[20], and char *s respectively, then by using sizeof() we will get 20, and 4. The first one will be 20 as it is showing that there are 20 bytes of data. But second one is showing only 4 as this is the size of one pointer variable. For the ... Read More