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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
Threads vs Processes in Linux
A process is the execution of a program that allows you to perform the appropriate actions specified in a program. It can be defined as an execution unit where a program runs. The OS helps you to create, schedule, and terminate the processes which are used by the CPU. The other processes created by the main process are called child processes. A thread is an execution unit that is part of a process. A process can have multiple threads, all executing at the same time. It is a unit of execution in concurrent programming. Threads within the same process ...
Read MoreWhat is a programmed I/O?
Programmed I/O is one of the simplest forms of I/O where the CPU directly controls and monitors all I/O operations. In this technique, the CPU is responsible for transferring data between memory and I/O devices, constantly checking device status and waiting for operations to complete. How Programmed I/O Works The CPU uses special instructions to read from and write to device registers. It continuously polls the device status register to determine when the device is ready for the next operation. This method requires the CPU's full attention during I/O operations. Example − Printing "TUTORIALS" String Consider ...
Read MoreArchitecture of a Typical Microkernel
A microkernel is the minimum software required to correctly implement an operating system. This includes memory management, process scheduling mechanisms, and basic inter-process communication. The microkernel follows a minimalist approach where only essential services run in kernel mode, while other OS functions operate in user space. Architecture of a Microkernel Microkernel Architecture User Space Device Drivers File Server ...
Read MoreHow to Kill a Detached screen Session on Linux
Screen sessions are an excellent way to run background processes on a Linux machine. However, sometimes it becomes necessary to terminate a detached screen session that is no longer needed. This article demonstrates how to kill detached screen sessions on Linux using various command-line methods. When using the GNU screen tool, we can sometimes accumulate detached sessions that require cleanup. We'll explore several approaches for terminating these disconnected screen sessions safely and efficiently. Listing Active Sessions Before terminating sessions, let's first examine how to view existing sessions. First, we'll create a couple of sample screen sessions. In ...
Read MoreHow to Print Longest Line(s) in a File in Linux?
Finding the longest line(s) in a file is a common task in Linux system administration and text processing. Whether you're analyzing log files, configuration files, or data files, several command-line tools can help you identify lines with maximum character length efficiently. Method 1: Using wc Command The wc (word count) command with the -L option finds the length of the longest line in a file. $ wc -L filename For example, with a file named sample.txt containing: This is first line. This is second line. This is the longest line in the ...
Read MoreFile System Structure
A file system is a method of organizing and managing files on storage devices such as hard disks or flash drives. It provides a logical structure to physical storage space, allowing users and applications to access and manipulate files efficiently. The file system serves as an interface between the operating system and storage hardware, translating user requests into low-level storage operations. Components of File System A file system consists of several key components that work together to manage data storage − Files − Basic storage units containing data such as text, images, audio, or executable code ...
Read MoreBest Lightweight Linux Distributions For Older Computers
If you have an older computer lying around that's just not powerful enough to run modern software, you may think it's time to send it off to the recycling center. But before you do, consider installing a lightweight Linux distribution. These operating systems are designed to run on older, less powerful machines and can breathe new life into your aging computer. In this article, we'll take a look at some of the best lightweight Linux distributions for older computers. We'll cover the benefits of these operating systems, what to look for when choosing one, and detailed examples to help ...
Read MoreHow to Improve Linux System Security
Linux system security is crucial for protecting against various threats, from unauthorized access to malware infections. While Linux is inherently more secure than many operating systems, implementing proper security measures is essential for maintaining robust protection. This article explores practical methods to enhance your Linux system's security posture. Keep System Updated Regular system updates are the foundation of Linux security. Updates contain critical security patches that address newly discovered vulnerabilities. For Debian-based systems (Ubuntu, Debian) − sudo apt update sudo apt upgrade For RPM-based systems (Red Hat, CentOS, Fedora) − sudo ...
Read MoreHow to Fix passwd Authentication token manipulation error in Linux?
The passwd authentication token manipulation error is a common Linux system error that prevents users from changing their passwords using the passwd command. This error typically occurs due to file system corruption, incorrect permissions, or PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) configuration issues. When this error appears, users cannot update their passwords, which poses security risks and may prevent normal system access. Understanding the root causes and proper resolution methods is essential for maintaining system security and functionality. Understanding the Error The error message "passwd: Authentication token manipulation error" indicates that the system cannot properly process the password change ...
Read MoreUnderstanding .a , .so and .la library files in Linux
In order to understand what the libraries of files with the extensions .a, .so and .la actually mean, we first must be aware of the concept of libraries in Linux. A library in its very simple terms is a collection of pre-compiled pieces of code which are known as functions. Libraries are very useful as they provide reusable functions, classes and data structures. Some examples of libraries in Linux are glibc (GNU version of standard C library), libc (the C standard library). In total we can divide the libraries in Linux into two categories. These categories are − ...
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